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Frcm S. 8. Eandall, Esq., Superintendent of Public Schools, JS. Y. City. 
I have cra-efully examined Anderson's Introductory, Common 
School, and Pictorial History of the United States, and cheer- 
fully commend the three works to the favorable regard of 
teachers and school officers generally, as well adapted to the 
purposes of instruction in this branch of study, and as an excel- 
lent and comprehensive as well as discriminating compendium 
of the leading events of American History. 



From Henry Kiddle, Esq., Assistant Superentendeni of Public Schools, 
New York City. 

The series of School Histories of the United States, by John 
J. Anderson, Esq., have been in use in the Common Schools of 
this city from the date of their publication, and, as far as I 
know, have given the highest degree of satisfaction. They are 
written in a clear, concise style, are unusually accurate, and 
abound in exercises which only a practical teacher could have 
constructed, and which make them invaluable Class Manuals. 
They can scarcely fail to prove acceptable wherever practically 
tried. 

From J. W. Bulkley, Esq., Superintendent of Public Schools, Brookljpu 
This is to certify that I have examined Anderson's Histories 
of the United States with great satisfaction, and give them my 
unqualified recommendation. For class-room instruction they 
are well adapted, and are highly spoken of by those who use 
them. 

At a meeting of the Teachers' Association of the City of 

Brooklyn, the following resolution was unanimously adopted : — 

" Resolved, That the Association recommend to the Text-Book Com- 
mittee of the Board of Education Anderson's Histories of the United 
btates, and ask to have said books placed on the list in place of those 
now there. ' 

The books are now used in all the Brooklyn schools. 

All the Grammar-School Masters of Cambridge, Mass., having 
petitioned for Anderson's History, the Committee, by a unani- 
mous vote, ordered that it be put into the Grammar Schools in 
place of the history then used. 



AN 

INTRODUCTOEY 

SCHOOL HISTORY 

OF THE 

UNITED STATES, 

AREANGED ON THE CATECHETICAL PLAN ; 

TO "WHICH ARE ADDED, THB 

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, 

AND THK 

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 

WITH 

QUESTIONS AND EXPI.ANATIONS. 



BY 

JOHN j.^ Anderson, 

Pai.vciPAL OF Grammar School No. 31, New York City. 



■^ NE-W T'OT^J?-; - 

CLARK & MAYNARD, PUBLISHERS, 

No. 5 BARCLAY STREET. 

1808. 



Entered according to Act of Congress, In tlie year 1865, 

By JOHN J. ANDERSON, 

In the Clerk's office of the District Court of the United States for the Soulbern 

District of New York. 

Entered according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1866, by 

JOHN J. ANDERSON, 

In the Clerk's office of the District Court of the United States for the Sopihera 

District of New York. 

SCHOOL HISTORIES OF THE UNTFED STATES, 

BY 

JOHN J. ANDERSON, 

LATE PRINCIPAL OF GRAMMAR SCHOOL No. 81, 

NEW TOBK cmr. 



of tb6 t^ired ! 



I, Anderson's Introductory History of tb6 Uiiired States, arranged on 

the Catechetical plan; fully illustrated with maps; to which are added the Declars- 
tion of Independence, and the Constitution of the United States with questions and 
explanations. 16mo, 160 pages. 

The above work is intended for Primary Classes, and those teachers thai wish 
the whole Ilistory in a condensed shape. 

3. Anderson's Soliool History of tlie United States, on the Catechetical 
plan; with over 20 illustrating maps; to which are added the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence, and the Constitution of the United States with questions and explanations. 
16mo. 320 pages. 

3. Anderson's .School History, Part T., being the history of the United 

States to the close of the E.evelijiti*n. il6n\a . 18C|pages. ■ " ^"^ I \ " l" 

Tills hook is particulari^l in^klldeiii^Xor (Ti/w,6KGlasses in lat'ffe^yrad^ Schools. 

4. Anderson's Pictorial History of the United States; to which gra 
added the Declaration of lEiflepeiid#rf<Ce,'^"'aod li^ai Corygtiljitioij of the »U,nit^d States 
wirh questions and explanatioji^*^eautt?ul^ifiiriK^£te4,Jvii|i.'40 maps^ a'\,d'over l."'>0 
portraits, vignettes, &c. 12nio. 352 pages. 

The above work is prepared on the object-lessons plan for Grammar and High 
Schools. 

Published by CLARK & MAYNARD, 

No. 5 Barclay Street, New York. 



PREFACE. 



This little work lias been prepared at the suggestion 
of a number of teachers. 

Although the School History, one of the series 
already put forth by the author, is deemed to be 
well calculated for class-room instruction, it was 
thought that a history dealing in less detail would 
be more acceptable as a first book. This, therefore, 
is not designed to take the place of the School His- 
tory, but to be, as its title indicates, an introductory 
thereto. 

Ttie system of maps and map questions, combin- 
ing the geography with the chrorology of the nar- 
rative, has been fully preserved, together with the 
plan of review questions. These, the distinctive 
features of the author's previous histories, having 
been extensively tried and approved, need not here 
be commended to notice. 

After seventeen years' experience as Principal of 



Q . PREFACE. 

one of the large Grammar Schools in the city of 
New York, and, during that time, being constantly 
eno-ao-ed in teaching history, the author feels that he 
can offer this little work to instructors in the con- 
fident belief that wherever it is used with thor- 
oughness, and in conformity with its plan, it will 
pi-oduce satisfactory results. 



TO IUU5TRATE 1«T SECTION 
DISCOVERIES 




HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



SECTION I. 

Discoveries and Explorations. 

EXTENDING FROM THE DISCOYERT OF AMERICA, IN 1492, TO THE 
SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA IN 1G07. 

Map Questions. 

"Where are the Bahama Islands? (See map, page 8.) In wliat direction is Guana- 
hani, or Cat Island, from Cuba? Labrador from Cuba? Florida from Porto Rico? 
Carolina from St. Domingo? Yucatan from Cuba? Tampa Bay from Cuba? The 
Mississippi from Tampa Bay? Newfoundland from Nova Scotia? Describe the St. 
Laurence River. "Where is New Brunswick ? Port Eoyal entrance.? St. Jolm's 
River? Albemarle Sound ? Pamlico Sound ? Wliat island between the two sounds? 
Wliere are the West Indies ? Where is the Kennebec River ? Cape Cod ? 

Wlien, and hy whom, was America discovered ? 

America was discovered in 1492 by Christopher Columbus, 
a native of Genoa (jen'-o-a), Italy. 

What prompted Goluinbus to make a wyage westward f 

Columbus believed the earth to be round, and that by sail- 
ing westward he would sooner reach India than by taking the 
usual route by way of Egypt and the Red Sea. 

By whom was he assisted in liis undertaldng ? 

After vainly seeking aid from the people of Genoa and the 
monarchs of England and Portugal, he was assisted by Isa- 
bella, Queen of Spain. 

What land did he first discover? 

The first land discovered by him was one of the Bahama 
1* 



10 DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 

Islands, called by the natives Guanabani [giuah-nah-hali-ne). 
He gave it the name of San Salvador.- It is now sometimes 
known as Cat Island. 

What fjoyages and discoveries did Columbus afterward make? 

He made three other voyages to the New World, in the 
first of which his discoveries were confined to the islands be- 
tween North and South America. In his next, made in 1498, 
he discovered the mainland at the mouth of the river Orinoco. 
And in his last, he examined the coast of Darien ; but he 
never knew that he had discovered a new continent. 

What 'coy ages did Amerigo Vespucci maTce ? 

In 1499, Amerigo Vespucci {a-md-re' -go ves-poot'-che)^ a 
Florentine gentleman, visited the eastern coast of South 
America; and, in 1501, he made a second voyage to the same 
regions. 

Why was the name of America given to the New World ? 

Vespucci prepared accounts of the two voyages made by 
him, in which he claimed to be the first European that had 
landed on the western continent. In consequence of this 
claim, as well as from the fact that his were the first published 
accounts of the newly discovered country, it was called 
America. 

What discoveries and explorations were made hy the Gabots ? 

In 1497, John Cabot [kab'-bot)^ and his son Sebastian, while 
Bailing under a commission from Henry VII. of England, dis- 
covered the coast of Labrador, and thus were the first to dis- 
cover the continent of America. In a second voyage, made 
by Sebastian Cabot in 1498, the coast from Labrador to Chesa- 
peake Bay was explored. 

What visionary enterprise was undertaken hy Ponce de Leon ? 

Ponce de Leon (pon'-thd da Id-dn'), an aged Spaniard, sailed 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 11 

from Porto Rico (re'-co) in search of a wonderful fountain, 
which, it was said, existed in one of the Bahama Islands, and 
would impart immortal youth to ail who might drink of its 
waters. 

What can you state of a discovery made by him ? 

After visiting several islands, he discovered, in 1612, an un- 
known land. From the abundance of flowers with which its 
forests were adorned, and because the discovery happened on 
Easter Sunday, which the Spaniards call Pascua Florida [pah'- 
scoo-ah Jlo-re-dah), it received the name of Florida. His search 
for the fountain was, of course, unsuccessful. 

What further can you state in relation to Be Leon ? 

Several years after, he went again to Florida, this time to 
make a settlement ; but in an attack made by the natives he 
was mortally wounded, and his followers were killed or driven 
back to their ships. 

What expedition in the mean time had been made to Carolina ? 

Two expeditions were made to Caroliua by De Ayllon {Ja 
ile-yonc) ; the first, in 1520, haviug for its object the seizure of 
natives to work the plantations and mines of St. Domingo; 
the second, to conquer the country. Both were unsuccessful. 

What can you state of the discovery and conquest of Mexico ? 

In 1517, Cordova (kor'-do-va) discovered Mexico, and ex- 
plored the northern coast of Yucatan. Afterward, Cortez, who 
had been sent by the governor of Cuba, succeeded in con- 
quering the Mexicans; and their country, in 1521, became a 
province of Spain. 

What expedition was undertaken by Narvaez ? 

Narvaez {nar-vah' -eth)^ believing Florida to be a land of 
great wealth, sailed from Cuba in 1528 to conquer and possess 
it. The attempt proved disastrous; for of the three hundred 



12 DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 

men who penetrated the wild regions, only four, after years of 
wandering, succeeded in reaching a Spanish settlement in 
Mexico. 

What statement did the four men make, and with what result ? 

The four men asserted that Florida was the richest country 
in the world, a statement which the people of Spain generally 
believed, among them Ferdinand de Soto [da so'-to). 

Give an account of the commencement of Be Soto's expedition. 

With a fleet of ten vessels, and a gay company of six hun- 
dred armed men, De Soto sailed for Cuba, whence he pro- 
ceeded to Florida. He landed on the shores of Tampa Bay, 
and, in the summer of 1539, commenced his march into the 
interior. 

Give a further account. 

After wandering for nearly three years, during which, in 
1541, the Mississippi was discovered, he sickened and died. 
To conceal his death from the natives, who regarded him with 
fear, his body was sunk beneath the waters of the great river 
which he had discovered. 

What became of De Soto's followers f 

After vainly trying to reach Mexico through the forests, the 
remnant of his followers built seven frail barks, sailed down 
the Mississippi, and along the coast of Mexico, until they 
reached a Spanish settlement. 

What did Verrazzani accomplish ? 

In 1524, Verrazzani {ver-rat-tsah'-ne)^ a Florentine navigator 
sailing in the service of France, explored the coast of America 
from the Carolinas to Newfoundland {new' -fund-land). To 
the whole region thus explored he gave the name of New 
France, a name which was afterward restricted to the territory 
of Canada. 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 13 

Wnat did Cartier accomplisTi f 

In 1534, and the following year, James Cartier {car-te-a') 
rtirtde two voyages, discovered the river St. Lawrence, explored 
its banks, and took possession of the whole country in the 
name of the king of France. Afterward the territory now in- 
cluded in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and adjacent islands, 
was called Acadia. 

What attempts at settlement were made ly the Huguenots f 

The Huguenots, or French Protestants, actuated by a desire 
to establish in America a place of refuge for their people, 
made two settlements, one at Port Royal entrance, Carolina, 
in 1562 ; and the other on the banks of the St. John's River, 
Florida, in 1564. 

What can you state of the settlemerit at Port BoyaZ entrance ? 

A fort was built by the settlers of 1562, and twenty-six men 
were left to keep possession of the country, while the others, 
with John Ribault {re-bo'), their commander, returned to 
France for reinforcements. The promised aid not arriving, 
the colonists, in despair, embarked for their native land. 

What can you state of the settlement on the St. John's River ? 

The Huguenots, on the St. John's, were surprised by a 
Spanish force under Melendez (md-len'-deth), and massacred. 

Sow was the massacre of the Huguenots avenged? 

In a little more than two years after, De Gourges [du-goorg)^ 
of France, surprised two Spanish forts on the St. John's, and 
hung two hundred captives upon the trees. 

Whxit can you state of Gilbert's expedition in 1583 ? 

In 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert sailed from England under 
a patent granted by Queen Elizabeth. He landed at New- 
foundland, but made no attempt at settlement. While return- 
ing to England, his ship foundered, and he was drowned. 



14 DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 

What expedition did Raleigh send in 1584 ? 

Sir Walter Raleigh {raw'-le)^ not disheartened by the sad 
fate of his step-brother, Gilbert, obtained from Elizabeth an 
ample patent, and, in 1584, sent two vessels, under the com- 
mand of Amidas and Barlow. 

What was the result f 

The voyagers arrived on the coast of Carolina, visited the 
islands in Pamlico and Albemarle sounds, took possession of 
the country in the name of their sovereign, and, after traffick- 
ing with the natives, returned to England. 

Hoio did their account affect the queen 1 

So glowing an account did they give of the country, that 
Elizabeth declared the event to be the most glorious in her 
reign, and, in memorial of her unmarried state, named the 
region Virginia. 

What was afterward done ly Raleigh to plant a colony in America ? 

Raleigh made two attempts to plant a colony on Roanoke 
Island; one, under Ralph Lane, in 1585, and the other, under 
John White, in 1587. 

What account can you give of the first f 

The colonists, under Lane, after a year of distress at Roan- 
oke, embarked for England with Sir Francis Drake, who bad 
stopped at the island on his way from the West Indies. 

WJiat account can you give of the second attempt? 

White did not remain long at Roanoke. He went to En- 
gland for supplies ; but when he returned, after an absence of 
nearly three years, none of the colonists could be found. 

What division of America was made by King James in 1606 ? 

In 1606, James L, of England, divided tha,t portion of 
America between the thirty-fourth and forty-fifth degrees of 
north latitude into two divisions. The northern, called J^orth 



DISCOYERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 16 

Virginia, he granted to the Plymouth Company; and the 
southern, called South Virginia, to the London Company. 

What attempt did the Plymouth Co. make to form a settlement ? 

In 160Y the Plymouth Company sent a number of planters, 
who began a settlement at the mouth of the Kennebec ; but 
a series of disasters discouraged them, and they returned to 
England. 

What success did the London Company have f 

The London Company were successful. They sent more 
than a hundred persons, in a fleet commanded by Christopher 
Newport. The design of the colonists was to settle on Roan- 
oke, but a storm carried the vessels further north. Sailing up 
a large stream, which they named the James River, they se- 
lected a place for a settlement, and called it Jamestown. 



EEVIEW QUESTIONS. 

1. Give .in account of Colnmbus and liis discoveries. (8ee pp. 9, 10.)— 2 
Of Vespucci and his voyages. (10.) — 3. Of the Cabots and their voyanres. — 
4. Of De Leon and his voyacres. (10, 11.)— 6. Of De Ayllon and his voy- 
ages. (11.)— 7. Of Narvaez's expedition. (11, 12.)— 8. Of De Soto's expedition. 
(12.) — 9. Of Verrazzani's explorations. — 10. Of Cartier's discoveries and 
explorations. (13.)— 11. Of the Huguenot settlement at Port Koyal en- 
trance. — 12. Of the one in Florida. — 13. "Which is the oldest settlement 
in the United States ? Ans. St. Augustine, Florida, settled by the Span- 
iards in 1565. — 14. Give an account of the voyage made by Amidas and 
Barlow. (14.)— 15. Of the first attempt to settle Roanoke Island.— 15. OX 
the second attempt. — 16. Of the attempt to plant a colony at the mouth 
of the Kennebec. (14, 15.) — 17. Of the success of the London Company. 
(15.) — 18. Did Columbus ever know he had discovered America? (10.) — 
19. What land did he believe he had discovered? (9.) — 20. Why was not 
this country called Columbus, or Columbia? (10.)— 21. When was Labra- 
dor discovered?— 22. By whom?— 23. The Mississippi River ? (12.)— 24. 
By whom?— 25. The St. Lawrence ? (13.)— 26. By whom ?— 27. Florida 
(11.)— 28. By whom?— 29. Mexico?— 80. By whom? 



IG 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 



SECTION II. 



Colonial History. 

fiXl'ENDING FROM THE SETTLEMENT OF VmGmiA, IN 1607, TO THB 
COMMENCEMENT OF THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR, IN 1754. 







Map Questions. 

How is Jamestown situated? What two capes at the entrance of Chesapeake 
Bay? What two rivers flow into Chesapeake Bay? In what direction from James- 
town are the Bermuda Islands? (See map, p. 83.) 

When and where was Virginia first settled ? 
The first settlement in Virginin was made at Jamestown, in 
1607, under the direction of the London Company. 



COLONIAL HISTORY". 17 

How was the colony at first goxerned ? 

The colony was governed under a charter granted by James 
I., the supreme government being vested in a council resident 
in England, and the local government in a colonial council of 
seven persons appointed by the king. 

How did the colony succeed ? 

At first the colony did not prosper. The scarcity of pro- 
visions, the hostility of the natives, the want of industrial 
habits among the settlers, and sickness, which carried to the 
grave fifty men in less than four months, proved nearly fatal 
to its existence. Among those who died was Bartholomew 
Gosnold, the discoverer of Cape Cod. 

What is stated 0/ President Wingfield? 

Wingfield, the president of the council, having embezzled 
the public stores, and become concerned in a plot to abandon 
the settlement, was expelled from the council. 

By whom was Wingfield succeeded in tlie presidency ? 

He was succeeded in office by Ratcliflfe, who, in consequence 
of inefficiency, was in turn succeeded by Captain John Smith, 
the most enterprising and sagacious man in the colony. 

What can you state of tJie efforts of Smith ? 

To the eff'orts of the new president the salvation of the in- 
fant colony was owing. He explored Chesapeake Bay, as well 
as the James and other rivers, and often returned with sup- 
plies of corn. 

WJiat befell him in one of his expeditions ? 

On one occasion he was surprised by a large body of In- 
dians, and, after a desperate struggle, was captured, and con- 
ducted to Powhatan (pow-hat-tan'), the principal chief. The 
warriors met in council, and determined that Smith should be 
put to death. 



18 COLONIAL HISTORY. 

State how lie was saved. 

He was bound, and his head placed upon a large stone ; but 
just as the savages were raising their clubs to dash out his 
brains, Po-ca-hou'-tas, the beloved daughter of Powhatan, 
rushed forward, clasped the captive's head in hei- arms, and 
begged that his life might be saved. Her generous and heroic 
conduct touched her father's heart, and the sentence was re- 
voked. 

What change in the affairs of Jamestown took place in 1609 ? 

The London Company, not having realized their expecta- 
tions of profit from the Jamestown colony, sought and obtained 
a second charter in 1609; and conferred upon Lord Dela- 
ware, a nobleman distinguished for his virtues, the appoint- 
ment of governor for life. 

WTio were sent to America hefore Delaware ? 

Three commissioners, Newport, Gates, and Somers, who had 
been appointed to administer the affairs of the colony till the 
arrival of Delaware, were dippatched to America with a fleet 
of nine vessels, and more than five hundred emigrants. 

What befell the fleet? 

While on the passage a severe storm dispersed the fleet. 
One of the vessels (that bearing the commissioners) was 
wrecked on the Bermuda Islands, and another foundered : the 
others reached the James River in safety. 

What did Smith do upon the arrival of the seven vessels ? 

Considering that no person had yet arrived t<» supersede 
him, Smith maintained his position as president, until, having 
been severely injured by an explosion of gunpowder, he re- 
turned to England for surgical aid. 

What miseries folhnvcd his departure? 

No sooner had he departed than the colonists gave them 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 19 

selves up to idleness and vice. Famine ensued, and in le?s 
than six months the colony was reduced to sixty persons. 
This period, extending over the first half of 1610, was long 
remembered as the " starving time." 

Upon what course did the colonists finally determine ? 

In consequence of their destitution and gloomy prospects, 
the colonists determined to see> safety among the English 
fishermen at Newfoundland ; bat as they drew near the mouih 
of the river, Lord Delaware appeared with emigrants and 
supplies, and persuaded them to return. 

What can you state of the new administration ? 

The new administration was a wise one, and under it the 
colony prospered ; but in consequence of ill-health, Delaware 
was soon compelled to return to England. He was succeeded 
in ofljce by Sir Thomas Gates. 

What can you state of the third Virginia charter? 

In 1612, the London Company obtained a third charter, 
which allowed that body to hold meetings for the transactioD 
of business, thus giving it a democratic form of government. 

What can you state in relation to Pocahontas ? 

Pocahontas was married at Jamestown, in 1613, to John 
Rolfe (rolf), an Englishman. Three years after, she accom- 
panied her husband to England, where she died, leaving a son, 
from whom are descended some well-known families in Vir- 
ginia. 

How was slavery introduced info the colonies f 

The commencement of negro slavery in the English colonies 
dates from its introduction into Virginia. In 1620, a Dutch 
trading vessel entered the James Iliver with negroes, twenty 
of whom were landed and sold into perpetual slavery. 

What otJier important event occurred about the same time ? 



20 COLONIAL HISTORY. 

In the same year, about a hundred women of good reputa- 
tion arrived from England, and were married to the planters, 
each man giving for his wife one hundred and twenty pounds 
of tobacco, the price of her passage to America. 

What account can you give of the Indian troubles in Virginia f 

The Indians, having conspired to exterminate the colonists, 
attacked them at mid day, on the 1st of April, 1622 ; and, in 
an hour, massacred about three hundred and fifty men, women, 
and children. In 1644 they made a second attack, killing 
about three hundred. Their hostility continued until 1646, 
when a treaty was made. 

What can you state of the celebrated "Navigation Act V 

The "Navigation Act," passed by Parliament in 1651, ^^e- 
cured to English shipping the monopoly of the carrying trade 
with England. Though it was not at first enforced against 
Virginia, yet after its re-enactment, in 1660, with new pro- 
visions, it was vigorously executed, notwithstanding the remon- 
strances of the people. 

What act of the king augmented the people's dissatisfaction ? 

By a grant made by Charles II., of England, in 1673, "All 
the dominion of land and water called Virginia," was ceded 
to Lord Culpepper and the Earl of Arlington for the term of 
thirty-one years. 

Did the people have any other causes-of complaint f 

The people were restricted in the elective franchise, were 
required to conform to the doctrines and rituals of the Church 
of England, and the taxes levied wore unequal and oppressive. 

To ichat did the oppressive measures lead f 

A spirit of rebellion in consequence broke out among the 
" common people," who wanted but an excuse for appearing in 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 21 

arms ; and it was soon found in an invasion made by the Siis- 
quchannah Indians. 

Give a further account of the commencement of the rebellion. 

The measures for defence, adopted by Berkeley, the gov- 
ernor of Virginia, being inefficient, the people demanded per- 
mission to arm and protect themselves. This being refused, a 
struggle for popular liberty broke out in 1676, known as 
Bacon's Ri':bellion. 

What further can you state of the rebellion? 

Five hundred men under arms, with Nathaniel Bacon as 
leader, marched against the Indians, whom they defeated. 
The people recovered for a time the rights which they formerly 
enjoyed ; but in the midst of their successes Bacon suddenly 
died. 

What aftei^ard occurred ? 

Berkeley then caused twenty -two of the insurgents to be 
hanged ; and fines, imprisonments, and confiscations disgraced 
his administration until he was recalled by the king. 

WJiat can you state of the subsequent history of the colony ? 

Upon the recall of Berkeley, in 1677, Virginia became a 
proprietary government, with Lord Culpepper as governor. 
Culj)epper ruled till 1684, when, in consequence of his mis- 
management, the king revoked the grant which had been 
made to him and Arlington, in 1673, and deprived him of his 
office. Virginia then became a royal province [igain, and so 
-remained till the Revolution. 



22 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 



MASSACHUSETTS. 

PllOM ITS SETTLEMENT, IN 1620, TO THE UNION OF NEW ENGLAND 
COLONIES, IN 1643. 




MASSACHUSETTS BAY 



Map Questions. 

ITow is Cape Cod situated? Plymouth? Salem? Boston? Dover? Describe 
the Merrimac River. What States are on the south of Massachusetts? Where is 
Portsmouth ? 

What can you state of Capt. Smith'' s second voyage to America ? 

Captain John Smith, who had performed so creditable a 
part in the settlement of Virginia, set sail from London in 
1614, for the purpose of trade and discovery in the region of 
Cape Cod. 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 23 

What did Smith accomiilish ? 

He examined the shores from the Penobscot River to Cape 
Cod, and prepared a map of the country, to which he gave 
the iiame of New England. 

What grant of land was made 'by King James in 1G20? 

The orii*inal Plymouth Company having been superseded 
by another, called the Council of Plymouth, King James 
granted to the latter, in 1620, all the territory between the 
fortieth and forty-eighth parallels of north latitude, extending 
from the Atlantic to the Pacific. 

By whom, was tJie first permanent New England settlement made? 

It was not under the direction of the Council of Plymouth, 
nor with the aid of the king, that the first permanent settlement 
was made in New England, but by a small band of Pilgrims, 
dissenters from the Church of England, who had fled from 
their own country to find an asylum from religious persecution. 
They were known in England as Puritans. 

To what place did the Pilgrims first go after leaving England? 

They at first went to Amsterdam, in Holland, whence they 
removed to Leyden (ll'-den), where, under the pastoral care of 
John Robinson, they lived for eleven years. 

Give a further history of their movements. 

From various causes they became dissatisfied with their 
residence in Holland, and obtained a grant of land from the 
London Company. A goodly number then went to South- 
ampton, England, where they were joined by other Pilgrims 
from London. 

What step did tliey next take ? 

They had procured two vessels, the Speedwell and the May 
flower ; but the former proving unseaworthy, the Mayflower 
sailed alone from Plymouth, with one hundred and one per- 



24 COLONIAL HISTORY. 

sons, the most prominent of whom were Carver, Brewster, 
Standish, Bradford, and Winslow. 

What further can you state of the Pilgrims ? 

After a boisterous passage they reached Cape Cod Bay^ 
where, in the cabin of the Mayflower, they agreed to a solemn 
compact for their government, and unanimously elected Carver 
governor for one year. 

At what place did they land ? 

On the 21st of December, 1620, they landed at Plymouth, 
Massachusetts, and there made their settlement — the first in 
New England. 

What is said of thsir sufferings at Plymouth ? 

The winter was severe, and in less than five months nearly 
half of that Pilgrim band died from the effects of exposure and 
privations, Carver and his wife being among the number. 
William Bradford was the second governor. 

What treaty was formed xcrith the Indians ? 

In 1621 a treaty of friendship was made with Massasoit 
(mas-sa-soit^), chief of the Wampanoatrs [wom-pa-no'-ogs)^ 
which was sacredly kept for more than thirty years. Canoni- 
cus, chief of the Narragansetts, kept the colonists in fear for 
awhile, but the decisive course of Bradford eventually com- 
pelled him to sue for peace. 

Wliat colony in Massachusetts was planted next after Plymouth ? 

A company of persons interested in the fisheries of New 
England, having purchased a tract of land, sent a hundred 
persons, under the charge of Endicott. These settled at 
Salem, in 1628, thus laying the foundation of the Massachu- 
setts Bay Colony. The colony grew rapidly by the addition 
of new settlements, especially by the one at Boston, com* 
menced in 1630. 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 



25 



XEW HAMPSHIEE 




PORTSMOUTH AND VICINITY. 



What can you state of the first 
settling of New Hampshire ? 

The first settlements in New 
Hampshire were made at Little 
Harbor and Dover in 1623, under 
a grant which Ferdinand Gorges 
[gor'-jez) and John Mason had ob- 
tained from the Council of Ply mouth. 

What can you state of the claims of 
WJieelwright and Mason. 

Although the grant to Gorges and Mason included all the 
territory between the Merrimac and the Kennebec, the Rev. 
John Wheelwright, in 1629, purchased of the Indians a por- 
tion of the same territory. In the same year Mason obtained 
from Gorges a grant, in his own name alone, of the country 
which Wheelwright had purchased, and to this he gave the 
name of New Hampshire. 

What land controversy afterward took place ? 

After the death of Mason a vexatious controversy took 
place, in consequence of the land claims which his heirs made; 
and it was not terminated until they relinquished all the un- 
occupied portions of the province. 

WJiat was the political connection beticeen N. Hampshire and Mass f 

The district of New Hampshire was several times connected 
with Massachusetts, but in 1741 it became a separate province, 
and so continued till the Revolution. 



26 



COLONIAL HISTORr. 



CONNECTICUT 




Map Questions. 

WliatVodyof water on the sonth of Connecticut? What rivers flow into L.on^ 
Island Sound ? How is "Windsor situated ? New Haven ? Suybrook ? Hartford ? 

What can you state of the settling of Connecticut ? 

Three colonies were planted within the limits of Connecti- 
cut. The first at Windsor, in 1633, by Captain Holmes and 
a company from Plymouth ; the second at Saybrook, in 1635 : 
and the third at New Haven, in 1638. 

What further history can you give of the first colony? 

The Dutch, to assert their claim to territory, had built a 
fort on the Connecticut, which menaced Holmes and his com- 



COLONIAL HISTORY, 27 

pany as they passed up the river ; but the threat was un 
heeded. 

Can you gite any further history of the colony f 

The colony on the Connecticut, called the Connecticut 
Colony, received important additions from Massachusetts in 
1635 ; and, in the following year, other additions by a second 
emigration from the same place, conducted by the Rev. Thomas 
Hooker. 

What troubles did the colonists have with the Indians? 

The Pequods, a tribe of Indians inhabiting the southeast 
part of Connecticut, having committed many acts of hostility, 
war was declared against them in 1637. 

What account can you give of the expedition against the Pequods ? 

Captain John Mason, with a force of colonists and friendly 
Indians, proceeded against the Pequods, burned their fort and 
wigwams, killed more than six hundred of their number, and 
completely broke them up as a tribe. 

How were the three colonies of Connecticut united f 

The colony of Say brook maintained its separate existence 
until 1644. By its annexation in that year to the Connecticut 
Colony, only two colonies remained, which were united in 
1665, under a liberal royal charter granted by King Charles 
IL, of England. 

What attempt was made to deprive Connecticut of her charter ? 

Andres, who had been appointed royal governor of New 
England, in 168*7 appeared before the Connecticut Assembly, 
m session at Hartford, and demanded the surrender of the 
charter ; but, during the discussion that arose, it was carried off 
and hid in the hollow of a tree. 



28 COLONIAL HISTORY. 



EHODE ISLAND. 

Map Questions. 

What State between Massachusetts and Connecticnt? (See map, p. 22.) In what 
direction from Plymouth is Providence? In what direction is Newport from Provi- 
dence? How is Providence situated? On what island is Newport? Ans. Khode 
I.sland. 

JB^ wJiom was RJiode Island settled f 

Rhode Island was settled by Roger Williams, who had been 
banished from Massachusetts because of his denunciation of 
the religious intolerance practiced there, as well as for certain 
opinions touching civil matters. 

Wlien and where did Williams settle ? 

The settlement was made in 1636 at Providence, on lands 
purchased of the Indians, and so called by Williams to com- 
memorate "God's merciful providence to him in his distress?" 

What caused the colony to grow rapidly f 

The great freedom in religious matters enjoyed at Provi- 
dence, and the demociatic government of the colony, caused 
immio-rants to flock thither in laro^e numbers. 

What second settlement was made in Rhode Island? 

In 1637, William Coddington, who had been subjected to 
religious persecution in Boston, accepted an invitation from 
Williams, purchased from the Indians the island of Rhode 
Island, and settled there. 

When icere the two settlements united? 

Rather than admit a claim of jurisdiction set up by Plymouth, 
W^illiams went to England, and obtained a charter whereby 
the two settlements of Rhode Island were united in 1644, 
under one government, as the Rhode Island and Providence 
Plantations. 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 2D 



MASSACHUSETTS. 

FROM THE UNION OF THE NEW ENGLAND COLONIES, IN 1G43, TO 
"THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR." 

Map Questions. 

In what direction from Swanzoy is Plymouth ? (See map, p. 22.) Annapolis from 
Boston ? (See map, p. 50.) How is Annapolis situated ? On what is Louisburg» 

What colonial union was made in 1643 1 

Mas.«acljusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven 
formed a union in 1643, for mutual protection against the 
Dutch, French, and Indians. This union lasted nearly fifty yeais. 

Why did not Rhode Island join the confederacy? 

Rhode Island was refused admittance into the union, because 
she would not consent to be incorporated with Plymouth, and 
lose her separate existence. 

What trouble commenced in 1656 ? 

In 1G56 a serious trouble commenced, growing out of the 
arrival in that year of a number of Quakers from England. 
They had been represented as a people of peculiar opinions 
and conduct, and consequently they were persecuted. Many 
were banished, four were executed, and others were whipped 
or cast into prison. 

Sow were the troubles hr ought to an end? 

The great severity of the measures against them caused a 
general feeling of condemnation ; and, after five years of trouble, 
they were allowed to come and enjoy their opinions in peace. 

How did King Philip's tear commence ? 

In 1675 an Indian war broke out by an attack made by 
King Philip, a son and successor of Massasoit, upon the town 
of Swanzev. 



30 COLONIAL HISTORY. 

WJuit had prompted Philip to make war? 

A converted Indian, who had been sent as a missionary 
among his people, made known the fact that Philip was con- 
cerned in a plot for the extermination of the colonists. This 
man was afterward found murdered. The execution by the 
whites of three Indians, convicted of the murder, may be con- 
sidered as the immediate cause of the war. 

What can you state of the further conduct of the Indians ? 
Although a treaty of peace had been made with the Narra- 
gansetts, they proved unfaithful, and became the allies of 
Philip, carrying death and destruction throughout the country 
for miles around. 

What can you state of the closing scenes of the war ? 
A strong force was sent against the Indians, and, in an im- 
mense swamp in the southern part of Rhode Island, they were 
defeated with great loss. Yet they continued their depreda- 
tions till the death of Philip, which occurred in 1676, he 
being shot by one of his own tribe. 

What intelligence from England caused rejoicings in Boston f 
The news of the English revolution, in which James 11. had 
been driven from the throne, and William of Orange declared 
king, caused great rejoicings among the people of Boston. 
How did the people treat the royal officers of the colony? 
They seized Governor Audros and his officers, who had 
made themselves obnoxious by their unjust and oppressive 
measures, and sent them to England. 

What war grew out of the dethronement of King James? 
James having fled to France, the monarch of that country 
espoused his cause. This, princlpall}', led to a contest between 
the two powers, known as King William's War, in which the 
respective colonists became involved. 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 31 

What tcere tJie principal events of the war in America ? 

An expedition, fitted out by Massachusetts, and commanded 
by Sir William Pliipps, captured Port Royal, and secured a 
large amount of booty. A second expedition, also commanded 
by riiipps, for the conquest of Canada, proved a failure. 

What was the length of the war f 

The war lasted from 1689 to the peace of Ryswick [riz'- 
wick), in 1697, a period of about eight years. 

What had the king done in reference to the government of Mass. ? 
. During the war, King William, refusing to restore to 
Massachusetts the charter which James II. had taken away. 
in consequence of the opposition showed by the colony to the 
" Navigation Act," granted a new charter, which united 
Plymouth, Massachusetts, Maine, and Nova Scotia in one 
royal government. 

Of what unwise measure was the new government guilty ? 

Oi:e of the first acts under the new government was the 
formation, in 1692, of a court to try certain persons who were 
accused of witchcraft, the belief in which, at the time, pre- 
vailed among the pt^ople of Salem and the neighboring towns. 

What farther account can you give of the delusion f 

Twenty persons were put to death, more tlian fifty were tor- 
tured or frightened into a confession, and many suffered im- 
prisonment. The delusion lasted more than six months. 

How was the next war after King William's brought about f 

Upon the death of James II., which occurred in France, the 
French monarch acknowle<]o;cd his son as kinsr of Engrland. 
This tended to produce a spirit of resentment in England, 
where the crown had been settled upon Anne («w), the second 
daughter of James. 

What was the coiisequence f 



32 COLONIAL HISTORY. 

A war followed between England on tlie one side, and 
France and Spain on the other, known, in America, as Qu]:en 
Anne's War; in Europe, as The War of the Spanish Suc- 
cession. 

WTiat was the most important event of the war in America f 

The capture of Port Royal, in 1710, by a force from Massa- 
chusetts, after an unsuccessful attempt three years before, was 
the most important event of the war. The name of the place 
was changed to Annapolis, in honor of the English queen, and 
Acadia was permanently annexed to the British realm. 
t, What was the length of the war f 

The war continued about eleven years, hostilities having 
commenced in 1702, and being terminated by the treaty of 
Utrecht {u-trekt) in 1713. 

now long did peace last ? 

A peace of nearly thirty years followed, which was broken 
by King George's War, commenced in 1744. 

What was the origin of th-e war ? 

The war had its origin in disputes relating to the kiugdom 
of Austria, and was therefore known in Europe as The Wui 
of the Austrian Succession. 

What was the most important event of the war f 

Its most important event was the capture of Louisburg by 
a force, mostly of New England troops, under William Pep- 
perill, aided by an English fleet commanded by Commodore 
Warren. 

Sow long did the war continue ? 

The contest was terminated by the treaty of Aix la Chapelle 
(akes la sha-pel'), in 1748, by which all acquisitions of terri- 
tory, made during the war, were mutually restored. 



COLOJ^lAL HISTORY. 



33 



]^EW YOEK. 




Map Questions. 

What States on the east of New York State? What large city at the mouth ol 
the Hudson River? How is Albany situated? Schenectady? Describe the Mo- 
hawk River. 

When, andhy wliom, was the Hudson River discoxered? 

The Hudson River was discovered in 1609 by Ileniy Hud- 
son, an English navigator, then sailing in the service of " The 
Dutch East India Company." 

What eccploration did Hudson make ? 

His object was to find a north-west passage to the Pacific 
Ocean : in pursuance of which he sailed up the river to the 

2* 



34: COLONIAL HISTORY. 

head of ship imvigation, and continued his explorations in a 
small boat some miles further. 

What measures were taken by the Dutch to settle the country 1 

In 16] 4, the Dutch built a fort on Manhattan, or New York 
Island ; and, in the following year, erected another at Albany, 
which was called Fort Orange. 

What settlements were afterward made ? 

The actual colonization of the country did not take place 
nntil 1623. In that year two settlements were made; one at 
Fort Orange, the site of Albany ; and the other on Manhattan 
Island, to which the name of New Amsterdam was given. 

What extent of territory was claimed by the Dutch ? 

The territory claimed by the Dutch included the whole 
region from Cape Cod to the southern shore of Delaware 
Bay ; this they called New Netherlands — a name generally 
applied only to that part actually in their possession. 

Who were the successive Dutch governors f 

The first Dutch governor was Peter Minnits; the second, 
Wouter Van Twiller ; the third, Sir William Kicft {keeft)\ 
and the fourth and last, Peter Stuyvesant (sti'-ve-sani). 

What did the English do to get possession of New Netherlands? 

In 1664, Charles IL, king of England, disregarding l.he 
claims of the Dutch, granted to his brother, the Duke of 
York, the whole region from the Connecticut River to Dela- 
ware Bay ; and a fleet, under Colonel Nicolls, was sent to take 
possession. 

What can you say of the surrender of the -place ? 

When Nicolls appeared before New Amsterdam, the people, 
hoping to enjoy more freedom under English rule, determined 
at once to surrender ; but Stuyvesant held out until the town 
was actually in the possession of Nicolls. 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 35 

WJiat changes then took 2:>lace ? 

Nicolls was the first English governor. New Amsterdam 
was called JN'ew York ; and Fort Orange received the name oi 
Albany. 

Was New Netherlands ever again in possession of the Dutch f 
In ]673, during a war between England and Holland, the 
Dutch regained their former possessions ; but after a period of 
only fifteen months, returned them to the English. Sir Ed- 
mund Andros, the tyrant, was then appointed governor. 

What can you say of the " Negro Plot V 

In 1741, several incendiary fires occurred in the city of 
New York, and a house was robbed by slaves. Witnesses 
testified that the negroes had conspired to burn the city, mur- 
der the inhabitants, and set up a government of their own. 

What followed^ 

An intense excitement followed, and before it was allayed 
more than thirty persons, condemned as having been engaged 
m the alleged plot, were executed, and others ^vere transported 
to foreign parts. 



NEW JEESEY 



Map Questions. 



ITow IS New Jersey situated ? (See map, p. 88.) What river is on tlie west of the 
tate ? What water on the east ? "Where is the city of Elizabeth ? (See map, p. 60.) 

What can you state of the settlement of New Jersey? 

The Dutch, who included New Jersey in the province of 
New NetherlaniJs, formed a trading settlement at Bergen, and 
also built a fort on the Delaware ; but the settlement of Eliz-i- 



36 COLONIAL HISTORY. 

betlitown, now Elizabeth, in 1664, is considered hs the begin- 
ning of colonization in New Jersey. 

Who became the proprietors of New Jersey in 1GG4? 

Iji 1G64, before the settlement of Elizabethtown, the Duke 
of York, to whom the king of England had granted New 
Netherlands, sold New Jersey to Lord Berkeley and Sir George 
Carteret. 

How did New Jersey thrive under Berkeley and Cartaret ? - 

The liberal offers at first made to emigrants induced many 
to settle. After the Dutch had, for the, second time, relin- 
quished possession of New Netherlands, Andros was appointed 
governor, and he repeatedly interfered with the rights of 
Berkeley and Carteret. 

What disposition was afterward made of Neio Jersey f 

Berkeley sold his interest in New Jersey to an English 
Quakei ; and, in 1682, the whole territory became, by pur- 
chase, the property of William Penn and other Quakers. 

What can you state of the subsequent colonial history of JSf. Jersey? 

In 1702, the proprietors surrendered their powers of govern- 
ment to the crown, when New Jersey became a royal province 
united to New York. In 1738, the connection was severed, 
and from that time to the Revolution, New Jersey was a sepa- 
rate province. 



MAEYLAl^D. 



Map Questions. 



What larje bay divides Maryland? (See map, p. IC.) What State on the east o 
Maryland? On the west? On the north? Wliere was St. Mary's situated? 

Of what colony was Maryland once ajtart? 

]>y the second charter granted to the Loiidon Company, the 



COLONIAL HISTORY. . 37 

limits of Yii'giiiia embraced all the territory wliich afterward 
formed the States of Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina. 

What can you say of a license granted hy the king ? 

lu 1631, William Clay borne obtained a license from Charles 
I. to traffic with the Indians ; and under this authority a trad- 
ing post was established on an island in Chesapeake Bay, and 
another at the month of the Susquehanna. 

What grant wis afterward made of Maryland ? 

The territory of Maryland was afterward granted to Cecil 
[se'-dl) Calvert, a Roman Catholic nobleman, whose title was 
Lord Baltimore. The grant thus made was the most liberal 
one that had been allowed ; for by it equality in religious 
rights and civil freedom was guaranteed to all emigranls. 

V/hen and ichere was the first settlement made f 

The first settlement was made in 1C34, at St. Mary's, by 
a.bcnit two hundred emigrants, mostly Roman Catholics; and 
Leonard Calvert, brother of the proprietor, v/as the first gov- 
ernor. 

What can you say of Glayhorne's rebellion ? 

Claybornc, who had refused to submit to the authority of 
the governor, in 1845 incited a rebellion, and compelled 
Ccilvert to seek safety for a time in Virginia. 

Who, after Cecil Gahert, was the proprietor of Maryland f 

After the death of Cecil Calvert, his son, Charles, became 
the proprietor of the province, of which he retained possession 
until deprived of it by King William, in 1691. Lionel Copley 
war- then appointed royal governor. 

What can you state of the further history of Maryland ? 

In l7l5 the proprietor's rights were restored to his infant 
heir, the fourth Lord Baltimore, and Maryland remained a pro- 
prietary govern lucnt iVom that tiine till the Revolution. 



38 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 



PENNSYLYANIA. 



EW JERSEY 
PHiLADELPHSA ^ 




Map Questions. 

What river separates Now Jersey from Pennsylvania? IIow Is Philaflel[)l)ia situ- 
ated? How is Delaware situated? In which part of Delaware is Wilmington .situ- 
ated? (See map, p. 16) 

What can you state of a grant made to Penn ? 

Actuated by a desire to found a colony where civil and re- 
ligions liberty would be enjoyed, and where the people might 
dwell together in the bonds of peace, William Penn obtained 
from Charles 11. a grant of all the territory within the present 
limits of Pennsylvania. 

What (idditio7ial grant did Penn receive ? 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 39 

From the Duke of York, Penn also obtained a grant of 
Delaware, then called "" The Territories," or " The Three Lower 
Counties on the Delaware." 

When and hy wlurni was Pemisylxania settled ? 

The permanent settlement of Pennsylvania dates from the 
founding of Philadelphia in 1GS2, by Penn; though small 
settlements of Swedes had b^en previously made both m 
l*ennsylvania and Delaware. 

What imporUiit meeting did Penn Jiave with the Indians ? 

Penn met the Indians beneath a wide-spreading elm, at a 
place now called Kensington, a suburb of Philadelphia, and 
paid them for their lands. 

Wliat can you state of the prosperity of Penn's colony ? 

The wisdom of his course toward the Indians, as well as of 
his government generally, was soon apparent, for the colony 
had a more rapid and peaceful growth than any other in 
America. 

What further can you relate of the history of Pennsylmnia? 

Upon the death of Penn, which occurred in 1718, he left 
his American possessions to his sons. They administered the 
government, most of the time by deputies, until the Revolu- 
tion, when their claims were purchased by the commonwealth 
of Pennsylvania. 



DELAWAEE 



What can you say of the settlement of Bdaware ? 
Delaware was settled in 1638, on Christiana Creek, near 
Wilmington, by a company of Swedes. 

What iras the extent of the terntoiyi of the Swedes? 



40 COLONIAL HISTORY. 

The settlers purchased of the Indians all the territory from 
Cape Henlopen to the falls of the Delaware, calling it New 
Sweden. 

What lefeU the Swedish colony 1 

Governor Stuyvesant, of New Netherlands, regarding the 
Swedish settlements as intrusions upon the territory of the 
Dutch colony, in 1655 proceeded against them, and subjected 
the Swedes to the authority of Holland. 

What further can you state of the history of Delaware ? 

The Dutch retained possession until 1664. From that time 
till 1682, Delaware was a part of the province of New York. 

What further still can you state of the history of Delaware J 

By the grant to Penn, in 1682, Delaware was united to 
Pennsylvania, and, although the settlers in " The Territories" 
became dissatisfied with Penn's government, and were granted 
an assembly of their own, Pennsylvania and Delaware con- 
tinued under one governor until the Revolution. 



IsrOKTH AISTD SOUTH CAEOLIE-A. 

What can you state of the settlement of North Carolina f 

About the year 1650 emigrants from Virginia made a settle- 
ment upon the Chowan River, calling it ''The Albemarle 
County Colony. 

What extensive grant was afterward made hy Charles II. ? 

Charles 11. afterward granted the whole region from Vir- 
ginia to the middle of Florida, and known as Carolina, to Lord 
Clarendon and seven other noblemen of England. 

Wha^ second settlement was made i'% Carolina? 

In 1665 a company of planters from Barbadoes made a 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 



4J 




Map Qtiestioiis. 

Wliat State is ou the south of Virginia? On the sonth of North Carolina? On 
the south of South Carolina? Describe the Chowan Eiver. How is Edenton situ- 
ated? Wilmington? Charleston? Savannah? 



settlement near V/iimington, calling it " The Clarendon County 
Colony." 

What third settlement teas made in Carolina? 

In 1670, a colony, knov/n as " The Carteret County Colony," 
was planted on tlie western bank of the Ashley River ; this, 
i;i cunsequence of not being well located for commercial fa- 
(.iiitivs, was removed, ten years after, to the junction of tlie 
Cooper and Ashley rivers, and thus the foundation of Charles- 
ton was laid. 

What took place in 1729 ? 

In 1729, Carolina was sold to the king of England, and 



42 COLONIAL HISTORY. 

separated into North and South Carolina. From that time 
till the Revolution they were royal provinces. 



GEOKGIA. 



What grant of Georgia was made to a corporation? 

To a corporation, consisiing of James Oglethorpe {o' -gl-thorp) 
and twenty other trustees, George II., of England, granted, 
for twenty-one years, all the country between the Savannah 
and the Altaraaha. 

What was the olject of the corporation ? 

The object of Oglethorpe and his associates was to provide 
an asylum in America for the destitute of England, the grant 
being " in trust for the poor." 

When and where was the first settlement made? 

The first settlement was made in 1733, the year after the 
grant, at Savannah. 

What can you say of the growth of the colony ? 

The colony made rapid increase in numbers, but owing to 
the poverty and idle habits of the settlers, as also to the im- 
[lolitic regulations of the trustees, it did not grow much in 
wealth. 

What trouUes were had icith a neighboring colony ? 

Georgia being claimed by Spain as a part of Florida, hos- 
tilities took place between the English settlers and their 
Spanish neighbors, which, owing to the bravery and skill Oi 
Oglethorpe, terminated to the advantage of the English. 

When and 7ioiv did Georgia hccome a royal jJronnce ? 

The trustees governed till 1752, when, wearied with their 
troublesome chavge, they surrendered their charter to the 
crown, and Georgia became a royal province. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 43 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

1. Give an account of tlie settlement of Virginia. (See page 16.) 
— 2. What can you state of the government of the colony ? (17.) — 
3. Wliy did not the colony prosper at first ? — 4. By whom was Cape 
Cod discovered ? — 5. When did Gosnold make the discovery ? Aiis. 
In 1602.— 6. What can you state of Wingfield ?— 7. Of Ratcliffe ?— 
8. Of Smith's character? — 9. Of his capture, and escape from death 'i 
(17, 18.) — 10. In relation to the second Virginia charter? — 11. What 
circumstances induced Smith to remain in office? — 12. What further 
account can you give of Smith ? (18, 33, 34.) — 13. Give an account 
of the "starving time." (18, 19.) — 14. What can you state of Lord 
Delaware? (18, 19.)— 15. Of Sir Thomas Gates ? (18, 19.)— 16. How 
many charters were granted to the London Company ? (14, 15, 18, 
19.) — 17. State all you can in relation to Pocahontas. (18, 19.) — 18. 
In relation to the commencement of negro slavery in America. (19.) 
— 19. In relation to Indian troubles in Virginia. (20.) — 20. In rela- 
tion to the " Navigation Act." (20,31.) — 21. In relation to Culpi'p- 
por's connection with Virginia. (20, 21.) — 22. Give an account of 
Bacon's Rebellion. (20, 21.) — 23. What grant was made to the 
Council of Plymouth? (23.) — 24. By whom was New England 
settled ? — 25. Give an account of the movements of the Pilgrims be- 
fore they reached America. (23, 24.) — 26. W^hat solemn act took 
place j ust before they landed ? (24.) — 27. State all you can of Car- 
ver.— 28. Of Bradford.- 28. Of Massasoit.— 29. Of Canonicus.— SO. 
Of the early history of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. — 31. Of the 
settlement of New Hampshire. (25.) — 32. What conflicting claims 
to New Hampshire lands occurred ? — 33. How many and what colo- 
nies were planted in Connecticut ? (26.) — 34. State all you can of 
the Connecticut colony. (26, 27.) — 35. Give an account of the Pe- 
quod War. (27.) — 36. State what you can of the Saybrook colony. 
(26, 27.)— 37. Of the New Haven co:ony. (26, 27.)— 38. Of Andros. 
(27, 30, 35, 36.)— 89. Of Roger WiUiams. (28.)— 40. Of W^illiam 
Coddington. — 41. Of the union of the two Rhode Island settlements. 
(28.)— 42. Of the union formed in 1643. (29.)— 43. Of the persecu- 
tion of tlie Quakers.— 44. Of King Philip's War. (20, 30.) — 45. 
Give an i!ce;)mit of King William's War. (30. 31 .)— K;. Of tlie " Salem 



44 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

Witcncraft." (31)— 47. Of Queen Anne's War. (31, 82.)— 49. State 
wliat you can of Henry Hudson. (33, 34.) — 50. Of the settlement on 
Manhattan Island. (34, 35.)— 51. Of the settlement at Albany. (34, 
35.)— 52. Of Peter Stuyvesant. (34.)— 53. Of Colonel Nicolls. (34, 
35.) — 54. Give the whole account of the " Negro Plot." (35.)— 55. 
Of the settlement of New Jersey. (35, 36.)— 56. Of the Duke of 
York's connection with New Jersey. (36.) — 57. Of William Penn's. 
— 58. Of Clayborne's with Maryland. (37.) — 59. Give an account of 
the settlement of Maryland. — 60. What grant of land was made to 
Penn ? (38.) — 61. What was Penn's object in accei^ting the grant ? 
— 62. What can you say of the settlement of Pennsylvania ? (39.) 
— 63. How did Peun make the title to his lands perfect ? — 64. When 
and by whom was Delaware first settled? — 05. How were the 
Swedes of Delaware subjected to the rule of the Dutch? (40.) — 
66. Give the feubsequcnt colonial history of Delaware. (40.)— 67. 
What three colonies were established in North and South Carolina ? 
(40, 41.) — 68. What can you state of the Albemarle County colony? 
—60. Of the Clarendon County colony ? (41.)— 70. Of the Carteret 
County colony ? — 71. What can you state of the subsequent colonial 
history of North and South Carolina? (41, 42)— 72. Eow did the 
Georgia colony originate ? (42.)— 73. State all you can of Oglethorpe. 
(42.)— 74. What settlement was made in 1733?— 75. When was 
Georgia settled ? — 76. Why did not the colony grow in wealth as 
well as numbers ? (42.)— 77. Vvhat claim to Georgia territory was 
made ? — 78. V>'hat can you state of the hostilities that occurred ? — 
70. What change took place in 1752 ? — 80. How is Savannah situ- 
ated? (See map, p. 41.) — 81. Into what body of water does the 
Savannah River liow ? — 82. What town is situated at the mouth of 
the Chowan River ? — S3. Into wliat body of water does the Chowan 
tlow ? — 83. On what river is Wilmington situated ? Ans. Cape Fear 
liiver. — 84. Into v.hat body of water does Cape Fear River flow? — 
85. Vrhicli of the colonies was settled in 1607? (16.)— 86. Which 
in 1014? (34.)— 87. In 1620? (24.)— 88. In 1623? (25.)— 89. In 
1638? (26.)— 90. In 1634? (37.)— 91. In 1636? (28.)- 92. In 1638 ? 
(39.)— 93. In 1050? (40.)— 94. In 1664? (3G.)— 95. In 1670? (41.) 
—96. In 1682 ? (39.)— 97. In 1733 ? (42.)— 98. When was Georgia 
settled ? (42.)— 99 South Carohna ? (41.)— 100. North Carolina ? (40.) 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



45 



SH0WI^5GTHi LOCATJOfJ 
MOST !MPOR.TA?,'T rvSfsTS 

OT TJn3 

FRENCH & INDIAN WAR 

I -^ 



Xox]r 




4G FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 

SECTION III. 

The French and Indian War. 

Map Questions. (See map, p. 45.) 

"Where is tho St. Lawrence Eiver ? The Ohio ? Describe the Alleghany Eiver. 
The Monongahela. How was Fort Duqiiesne situated ? Fort Necessity f Fort Os- 
wego? Fort William Henry? Fort Kdward? Fort FroMtenac? Fort Niagara? Fcrt 
Ticonderosa ? Kittanning? Where is Williamsburg ? Lake George? Crown Point? 
Louisburg? (See map, page 50.) Quebec? Plains of Abraham ? Isle of Orleans ? 
Nova Scotia? 

What territory in North America did the English claim? 

The English, basing their title upon the discoveries made 
by the Cabots, laid claim to all the territory from Newfound- 
land to Florida, extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific. 

What claim did the French set iipf 

The French claimed all the interior portion adjacent to the 
rivers St. Lawrence and Mississippi, and their tributaries; and, 
the better to secure this claim, they erected forts at various 
places through the region. 

To what did the conjlicting claims lead f 

In consequence of these conflicting claims a war broke out 
between England and her colonies on the one side, and France 
and her colonies, largely aided by the Indians, on the other, 
which is known as " The French and Indian War." 

EVENTS OF 1753. 

What can you state of the formation of the Ohio Company? 

At the time of the breaking out of the war, there was m 
existence an organization, known as the Ohio Company, which 
had obtained from the king of England a grant of land on 
and near the Ohio River, lor the purpose of carrying on the 
fur trade with the Indians, and of settling the country. 

What message teas sent to the French ? 

The French having' seized three British traders, and also 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 47 

built forts on the land of the Ohio Company, Governor Din- 
widdie, of the Virginia Colony, sent a letter to the French 
commander, remonstrating against these aggressive acts. 
What further account can you give of the message f 
George Washington, the bearer of the letter, set out on his 
mission on the last day of (3ctober, 1753; and after an ab- 
sence of eleven weeks, during which he encountered severe 
hardships, amid snow, icy fiooJs, and hostile Indians, he re- 
turned to Williamsburg, liaving accomplished his object. 

EVENTS OF 1754. 

What reply did Washington bring to Dimciddie's letter ? 

The reply of St. Pierre (jje-dre'), the French commander, 
was unsatisfactory. In his letter he stated that he was acting 
under orders, and that he could not leave the territory. 

What measures were then taken against the French ? 

At the confluence of the Alleghany and Monongaliela 
rivers the Ohio Company commenced the construction of a 
fort; and a body of troops, commanded by Washington, was 
sent to protect the works. 

Did the Ohio Company complete the fort? 

Before Washington had time to reach the place, a party of 
French and Indians suddenly appeared and took possession. 
The works were then completed, and called Fort Duquesne 
{doo-kane'). 

What course did Washington then pursue ? 

Receiving intelligence of the disaster, and tbat a strong force 
was marching to intercept him, Washington fell back, and took 
a position at a place called the Great Meadows. 

Give an account of the contest that took place soon after. 

With the determination of forestalling the hostile design of 
an advanced detachment of the French, he came upon them 



48 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 

by surprise, and, in the contest that followed, 28th of May. 
1754, killed or captured all but one. 

What battle afterward took place ? 

In little more than a month after, a force of fifteen hundred 
French and Indians, commanded by De Villiers (yil-lc-are'), 
made an attack upon a small fort which Washington had con 
structed, and named Fort Necessity. 

What account can you give of the tattle ? 

Washington made a brave defense of ten hours, but. on the 
morning of the 4th of July, was compelled to surrender, 
though upon condition that he and the garrison should be 
permitted to return to Virginia. 

EVENTS OF 1755. 

What expeditions were planned for 1755 ? 

Four expeditions, on the part of the English, were planned 
for 1755 ; namely, against Nova Scotia, Crown Point, Niagara, 
and Fort Duquesne. 

Q-'im an account of the first. 

The expedition against Nova Scotia was commanded by 
Col. Monckton {monk'-iun). Two forts were captured in June, 
and a beautiful and fertile country was reduced to a solitude. 

Give an account of the expedition against Fort Duquesne. 

Gen. Braddock, who had been sent to America as com 
mander-in-chief, headed the expedition against Duquesne. 
Disregarding the suggestions of Washington, who was acting 
as aid-de-camp, he fell into an ambush of French and Indians, 
July the 9th, and w^as defeated with great loss, lie, himself, being 
mortally wounded. 

What can, you say of the expedition against Niagara ? 

The defeat of Braddock paralyzed the expedition against 
Niagara; and, after troops had been delayed at Oswego for 
Aoorths, the design was abandoned. 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



49 



UoiD loas the expedition against Crown Point undertaken? 

Gen. Johnson, commanding the expedition against Crown 
Point, proceeded as far as the head of Lake George, where, 
Sept. 8, he was attacked by Baron Dieskau {de-es-ko') ; the 
timely arrival of Gen. Lyman from Fort Edward gave the 
victory to the English, and the French commander was incur- 
ably wounded, and made a prisoner. 

What was afterward done hy Johnson ? 

Johnson, after erecting Fort AVilliam Henry, retired to Al- 
bany. As a reward for his services the British government 
gave him a baronetcy and £5,000. 

EVENTS OF 1756. 

What did the French accomplish in 1756 ? 

The Marquis de Montcalm [mont-kam') ^ Dieskau's successor, 
in August, 1756, made an attack 
upon Oswego, and compelled the 
English, numbering fourteen hundred 
men, to surrender. A large amount 
of stores and money also fell into 
the hands of the victor. 

Bid the English accomplish any thing 
in 1756 f 

Incited by French emissaries, the 
Indians of the Ohio committed great desolation ; but Col. 
Armstrong, after a long and perilous march, reached Kittanning 
(kit-ta7i,'-nin(/)j their chief town, and destroyed it by firo 




EVENTS OP 1757. 

What was the principal military operation of 1757 ? 
With nine thousand men Montcalm laid siege to Fort Wil- 
liam Henry. For six days its commander^ Col. Monroe, kept 

3 



oO 



FPvENCH AND INDIAN WAK. 



up a vigorous defence, but, at last, surrendered, capitulating 
tliat the garrison should have a safe escort to Fort Edward. 

Was the stipulation observed ? 
■ Just as the English had left, August 9, iVoY, the Indian 
allies of Montcalm, incited by the hope of plunder, attacked 
them and massacred a large number. 

EVENTS OF 1758. 

Map Questions. 
How is Annapolis situated? Hiilifax? Lotiisbiirg? Quebec? Portsmouth? 
Boston ? Into what water does the St. Lawrence flow ? The Kennebec ? 




^ tiO^A SCOTIA, 
NEVy B RyNSWICK 

TTCISTITr 



WTio, up to 1758, were tlie successive English commanders? 
Upon the death bf Braddock, which occurred four da_; 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 51 

after his defeat in 1755, the general command devolved upon 
Governor Shirley. Shirley was soon succeeded by Loid 
Loudon, and he, in turn, by Gen. Abercrombie. 

What expeditions were plaimed for 1758 ? 

Three expeditions were planned for 1758; one, under Gen. 
Amherst, against Louisburg; another, under Abercrombie, 
against Fort Ticonderoga; and a third, under Gen. Forbes, 
against Fort Duquesne. 

What account can you give of the expedition against Louisburg ? 

On the 2Cth of July Louisburg surrendered, after a des 
perate resistance of more than forty days, during which two 
officers, Wolfe and Montgomery, greatly distinguished them- 
selves by their bravery. 

Give an account of the expedition under Abercrombie. 

In the expedition against Ticonderoga, a conllict took place 
between advanced bodies of the contending parties, in which 
Lord Howe, an English officer greatly beloved, was slain. 

What further account can you give f 

Two days after, July 8th, an unsuccessful assault upon the 
fort was made in full force, the assailants losing nearly two 
thousand men in killed and wounded. 

How was the failure against Ticonderoga relieved f 

An expedition, under Col. Bradstrect, who commanded a 
detachment of Abercrombie's army, was afterward undertaken 
with decided success. Fort Frontenac, situated where Kingston 
now stands, was captured ; and, with the fort, a vast amount 
of military stores and a number of vessels fell into the hands 
of the victors. 

Give an account of the expedition under Gen. Forbes. 

Though Major Grant, commanding the van of Forbes's army, 
sustained a defeat, the French set fire to Fort Duquesne upon 
the approach of the English, and retreated down the Ohio. 



52 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



EVENTS OF 1759. 

WMt plan of operations was adopted for 1759 ? 

The great object of the campaign of 1759 was the reduc- 
tion of Canada. Gen. Wolfe was to lay siege to Quebec; 
Amherst, who had succeeded Abercrombie as commander-in- 
chief, was to reduce Ticonderoga and Crown Point ; and Gen. 
Prideaux (prid'-o) was to go against Niagara. 

W7iat cart you state of the expedition against Niagara ? 

Prideaux reached Niagara in July, but during the siege of 
the place was killed. Sir William Johnson, having succeeded 
to the command, defeated a relief force of French and Indians, 
and compelled the besieged to surrender. 

WJiat account can you give of A7nJiersfs expedition ? 

Amherst having reached the vicinity of Ticonderoga, the 
French abandoned both it and Crown Point without striking a 
blow. 

Give an account of Wolfe's operations. 

With eight thousand men Wolfe ascended the St. Lav/rence 
and landed his army upon the Isle of Orleans. On the 31st 
of July he made a daring though unsuccessful attempt upon 
the French intrcnchments before Quebec. 

Gidc a further account of Wolfe's operations. 

Not discouraged by the disaster, the English eflfected a land- 
ing at night about two miles above the city, and climbing 
the steep banks of the river, by daybreak, on the following 
jiorning, September 13th, stood on the Plains of Abraham in 
battle array. 

WJmtfolloiced? 

Montcalm, surprised at the advantage gained by the English, 
left his strong position, and at once attacked them. A fierce 
and bloody b'ittU followed which resulted in the defeat of the 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 63 

French. Wolfe fell in the moment of victory. Montcalm,' 
mortally wounded, on being told of his condition, replied : 
"So much the better; I shall not live to see the suirender ol 
Quebec." 

EVENTS OF 17G0, AND CLOSE OF THE WAR. 

Did the French undertake to rjecover Quebec? 

Quebec having fallen into the hands of the English, De 
Levi, the successor of Montcalm, made an attempt to recover 
the place on the 28th of April, IVSO. 

Give an account of the contest. 

The contest took place about three miles above the city. 
The English, after losing a thousand men, fell back ; and the 
opportune arrival of a British fleet, some days after, compelled 
the French to retreat. 

What measures completed the conquest of Gdnada ? 

Amherst, having invested Montreal, the governor signed a 
capitulation, by which not only that city but the whole of 
Canada was surrendered to the English. 

When was the war brought to a close f 

On the 10th of February, 1763, a treaty of peace was signed 
at Paris, by which France ceded to Great Britain all her 
American possessions east of the Mississippi. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

1. What claim did the discoveries of the Cabots give to the Eng- 
lish? (46.) — 2. How is Newfoundland situated? (See map, p. 8.) — 
3. Where is Florida? — 4. What territory did the French claim? 
(46.) — 5. "SVhy did the French lav claim to that territory ? Ans. 
Because they occupied it. 6. What precaution was taken by the 
Frcncii to secure their claim ? (46.) — 7. What was the origin of the 
French and Indian War ? — 8. State all you can of the Ohio Co. (46, 47,J 



64 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

9- When and where was Washington boru ? Ans. On the 22d of Febru- 
ary, 1732, in Westmoreland County, Virginia. — 10. On what mission was 
he sent in 1753 ? (47.) — II. How old was Washington at that time? — 12. 
Where was Fort Duquesne situated? (Map, p. 45.) — 13. Why was it called 
Fort Duquesne? Afis. In honor of the Marquis Du Quesne, the com- 
mander-in-chief of the French forces in America. — 14. How did the 
French get possession of the fort?; -15. What was the first battle of :he 
French and Indian War? Ans. Battle of the Great Meadows. — Wh^re 
did it take place? (Map, p. 45.) — 17. Give an account of it. (47, 48.) — 18. 
By whom was Washington attacked at Fort Necessity? (48.) — 19. Where 
was the fort situated? (Map, p. 45.) — 20. Give an account of the battle. 
(48.)— 21. Of the success of the English in Nova Scotia, in 1755.— 22. 
Wliej-e did Braddock's defeat occur? (Map, p. 45.) — 23. Give an account 
of his defeat. (48.)— 24. What further can you state of Braddock ? (50, 51.) 
— 25. At what place did Dieskau attack Gen. Johnson? (49.)— 26. What 
fort was afterward built on the battle-ground? — 27. Who built the fort? — 
28. What was the result of Dieskau's attack ? — 29. Johnson, upon retiring 
to Albany, stopped at Fort Edward: in what direction did he go? (Map, 
p. 45.) — .30. Give an account of Montcalm's success at Oswego. (49.) — 31. 
Of Armstrong's, at Kittanning. — 32. Of Montcalm's, at Fort William Henry. 
(49,50.) — 33. What massacre took place near the fort ? (50.) — 84. How is 
Louisburg situated? (Map, p. 50.)— 35. Give an account of Amherst's suc- 
cess there in 1758. (51.) — 36. What can you state of the fate of Lord Howe ? 
— 37. Of the result of Abercrombie's expedition ?— 38. How was Fort 
Frontenac situated ? (Map, p. 45.) — 39. What city now occupies tlie site 
of the old fort? (Map, p. 25.) — 40. What success did Bradstreet have at 
Fort Frontenac? (51.)— 41. Give the history of Fort Duquesne. (47,48, 51.) 
— 42. What part did Prideaux take in the war ? (52.) — 43. Give an account 
of Johnson s success at Niagara.— 44. Was the fort situated in New York 
or Caiuida? (Map, p. 45.)— 45. What two forts fell into the hands of Am- 
herst? — 46. Which of those two forts was more north than the other? 
(Map, p. 45.)— 47. In sailing up the St. Lawrence, wliat island near Quebec 
do you come to ? (Map, p. 50.) — 43. How did Wolfe commence operations 
against Quebec? (52.)- -49. When was the battle of the Plains of Abra- 
ham fought? — 50. Are the Plains above or below Quebec? (Map, p. 50.) — 
51. Give an account of the battle. (52, 53.) — 52. When did Quebec surren- 
der to the English ? Ans. September 18th. — 53. What efforts did the French 
make to recover Quebec ? (53.)— 54. Wliat final success did the English 
acliieve in Canada? — 55. By what treaty was the war brougiit to a close? 
— o<]. V>'iio, at the beginning of the war, was in the cliief command of the 
French? An^. Du Quesne. — 57. Who succeeded Du Quesne? ^ns. Dieskau. 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 55 

SKCTION IV. 

THE AMEKICAK EEYOLUTION. 

How did the French and Indian war affect Great Britain ? 

The expenses of the French and Indian war greatly increased 
the national debt of Great Britain, which the ministry proposed 
to reduce by taxing the colonies. 

What reply did the colonists make to this proposition f 

It was maintained by the colonists that they could only be 
justly taxed by a legislature in wkich they were represented; 
and as they were not allowed to seild representatives to the 
British Parliament, that body had no right to tax them. 

HoiD was the proposition attempted to he carried out f 

Notwithstanding the remonstrance of the colonists, the 
Stamp Act was passed by Parliament in 1765. By its pro- 
visions all instruments in writing, such as deeds, bonds, and 
notes, as well as printed pamphlets, newspapers, &c,, were to 
be executed on stamped paper, to b.e purchased from the agent 
of the British government. 

How was the news of the passage of this act received in America ? 

The news of the passage of this act- produced intense indig- 
nation. Tiie first burst of opposition appeared in the legisla- 
ture of Virginia, where Patrick Henry distinguished himself 
by his bold eloquence. Afterward, a more formidable oppo- 
sition was shown, when, upon the recommendation of the 
z\ssembly of Massachusetts, a Colonial Congress was held in 
New York 

W/iat was accomplished hy the Congress at New York ? 

Nine colonies were represented in the Congress. Timothy 



66 ■ THE AMERICAN DEVOLUTION. 

Ruggles, of Massachusetts, was elected president ; and a 
Declaration of Rights, a Petition to the King, and a Memorial 
to Parliament were adopted. 

Was the Stamp Act allowed to go into operation ? 

"When the day came on which the Stamp Act was to go 
into eifect, there were no officials courageous enough to carry 
it into execution ; and, beside, all the stamped paper had been 
destroyed or concealed. 

By what ofher measures was tlie repeal of tlie Act lirouglit about ? 

As business, with a slight interruption, continued to be con- 
ducted without stamps, and the colonial merchants agreed to 
import no more goods while the obnoxious Act remained a 
law, a change in the British ministry occurring, the Act .was 
repealed in 1766. 

What was soon afterward done ly the British Parliament ? 

Parliament, still claiming the right to tax the colonies, 
passed a bill, in I'Ze'?, for levying duties on glass, paper, 
painters' colors, and tea. 

How did this Act of Parliament affect the colonists ? 

The news of this and other obnoxious Acts of Parliament 
produced a revival of the feelings which had been caused by 
the passage of the Stamp Act ; and non-importation associations 
were formed. 

Wliat milita/ry measure was adopted in behalf of Parliament f 

The opposition of the people of Boston being particularly 
bold, two regiments were ordered by Gen. Gage from Halifax 
to overawe them. 

What was the effect of the movement ? 

The presence of the troops exasperated the people ; and 
affrays ensued, in one of which, called the " Boston Massacre," 
occurring on the 5th of March, 1770, the soldiers fired upon 
tlie populace, killing three men and wounding others. 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION". 57 

What concession was made ty Parliament ?■ 

The opposition to the revenue measures induced Parliament 
to revoke all tlie duties laid in 17G7, except that of three 
pence per pound on tea ; but as the people were contending 
against the prmciple of "taxation without representation," and 
not against the amount of taxes imposed, the concession was 
not satisfactory. 

What was done with the tea trought to America f 

The tea for New York and Philadelphia was sent back ; 
that for Charleston was stored in cellars, where it spoiled 
At Boston a party of men, disguised as Indians, boarded the 
ships on a moonlight night in December, 1773, broke open 
the chests of tea, and emptied their contents into the water. 

What retaliatory measures did Parliament adopt against Boston ? 

In retaliation for this destruction of the tea, the Boston Port 
Bill, designed to destroy the commerce of that city, was passed 
by Parliament. 

What convention was held ly the colonies ? 

A general cono;ress, "The First Continental ConcTress," with 
Peyton Randolph, of Virginia, as president, met at Philadel- 
phia, in September, 1774. 

What action was taken hy the Congress f 

After due deliberation, a declaration of rights was made ; 
the suspension of all commercial intercourse with Great 
Britain recommended ; and addresses were voted to the king 
and the people of Great Britain and Canada. 

EVENTS OF 1775. 

What was Gage's first important measure against the Americans? 

Gage, who had become the governor of Massachusetts, se- 
cretly dispatched eight hundred men, under Col. Smith and 
M^jor Pitcairn, to destroy the military stores at Concord. 



58 THE AMERICAN iiEVOLUTION. 

State loJi at followed. 

The alarm was given, and when tlie British reached Lex- 
ington, on the morning of the 19th of April, iVVo, about 
seventy of the militia were drawn up under arms. The king' 
troops iired upon them, killing and wounding several. 

What took place at Concord ? 

At Concord some of the stores were destroyed ; but tlie 
militia beginning to assemble, a skirmish took place, in which 
several were killed on both sides. 

Gke an account of the retreat. 

On their way back to Boston, the British were reinforced at 
Lexington, but during their entire retreat the Americans pur- 
sued, keeping up a constant and destructive lire upon them. 
The loss of the British during the day was over two hundred ; 
that of the patriots was about ninety. 

What icas the effect of the battle ? 

When the news of the day's contest spread, the militia from 
all parts of New England hastened to join those of Massa- 
chusetts in forming a camp near Boston. 

WJiat success did the Amencans Jiave on Lake Ghamplain? 
- It being deemed important to possess Ticonderoga and 
Crown Point, both places were captured in May by Ethan 
Allen and Benedict Arnold, and a large supply of stores se- 
cured for the patriots. 

What proclamation icas issued by the British commander ? 

Upon the arrival of reinforcements from England, under 
Generals Howe, Burgoyne, ;ind Sir Henry Clinton, Gage issued 
a proclamation declaring all Americans in arms rebels and 
traitors, but oftering pardon to those w^ho should return to 
their allegiance. John Hancock and Saniiiel Adams were ex- 
cepted from this offer. 

What d^fcnsice measures were taken by the Americans? 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



59 



It becomino- evident that the British meditated offensivo 
operations, Col. Prescott was sent on the evening of the 16th 
of June, llloy with a detachment of one thousand men to 
fortify Bunker Hill ; but, on attaining the heights, he con- 
cluded to fortify Breed's Hill. instead, this being nearer to 
Boston. 



Map Questions. 

In what direction is Concord 
from Boston? (See map, p. 
*22.) Lexington from Boston? 
How is Boston situated ? 
Where is Charlestown ? How 
could you go from Boston to 
Breed's Hill? From Boston 
to Bunker Hill ? From Boston 
to Dorchester Heights ? From 
Boston to Cambridge? IIow 
is Fort Chambly situated? 
(See map, p. 60.) St. John's? 
Montreal ? Quel-ec ? (See 
map, p. 50.) Ticomleroga? 
(Soe map, p. 45.) Crown 
Point? 



What then icas done f 

When the British, on the following morning, discovered the 
redoubt which the Americans had constructed during the night, 
they commenced a cannonade upon it. This failing, three 
thousand men, under Howe, were sent to dislodge the patriot*;. 

Gice an account of the tattle. 

Twice did the British approach within a few rods of the re- 
doubt, but they were each time repulsed with heavy loss. 
Clinton arrivinir, the third cliarcre was more successful ; and 
the Americans, their ammunition being exhausted, were forced 
to re I r eat. 

What losses icere sustained by each party in the tattle ? 




60 



THE AMERICAN" REVOLUTION. 



The British lost in killed and wounded more than a thou 
sand men ; the Americans, less than half that number, though 
among their slain was the distinguished patriot, Joseph Warren. 
What, in the mean time, was dons ty Congress? 
The Second Continental Congress having convened at Phila- 
delphia, a vote was passed to raise an army of twenty thou- 
sand men, and, on the lotu of June, George Washington was 
unanimously elected commander-in-chief. 

What difficulties did the Virginians have uith their governor ? 
Lord Dunmore, the Governor of Virginia, took a decided 
course against the patriots; but, owing to the activity of 
Patrick Henry and others, he was compelled to make com 
pensation for some powder which he had seized, and a force 
of tories and -negroes sent by him, was afterward defeated. 
In revenge, he reduced the town of Norfolk to ashes. 
W7iat plan of action against Canada icas adopted ? 
To prevent the use of Canada by the British as a place of 
rendezvous and supply, an invasion, by two forces, was deter- 
mined upon. x\ccordingly. Gen. Schuyler, commanding one, 
was sent by the way of Lake Champlain ; 
v/hile the other, under Gen. Arnold, took 
the route by the Kennebec River. 

Whut was accomplished hy the force that 
icent J)y Lake Champlain? 

Schuyler proceeded but a short dis- 
tance when sickness compelling him to 
return, the next in command. Gen. Mont- 
gomery, gained possession of Foit 
Chambly (sham'-ble), St. John's, and 
Montreal, and then moved against Quebec. 
Give a further account of the operations. 
Arnold, having performed a tedious man h through the 



LtiPrttific 







PART OF TUE SOKEL lUVKE. 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 61 

wilderness, effected a junction of his force with that of Mont- 
gomery's, and Quebec was besieged for three weeks. 

Give an account of the battle that followed. 

Finally, at dawn, on the last day of 1775, and during a vio 
lent snow storm, the American army, in four columns, ad- 
vanced to assail the city ; but the attempt was unsuccessful. 
Montgomery was among the first who fell, and Arnold was 
severely wounded. 

Mow was the design against Canada terminated ? 

Arnold, though wounded, took command of the troops that 
had effected a retreat; but, by the middle of June, 1776, the 
Americans had abandoned one place after another and entirely 
evacuated Canada. 

EVENTS OF 1776. 

What was the first aim of Washington after his appointment? 

AVashington, who had arrived at Cambridge about three 
weeks after his appointment as commander-in-chief, and had 
there taken command of the army, determined to drive the 
British from Boston. 

What 7neans did he adopt to accomplish his object? 

In one night he erected a line of fortifications on Dorches- 
ter Heights, which completely commanded the .ity and its 
h. arbor. 

What agreem.ent was made between the tico parties ? 

Gen. Howe, who had succeeded Gage in the command, being 
unable to dislodge the Americans, agreed to evacuate the city 
without setting fire to it, upon condition that, while doing so, 
his army should not be molested from the batteries on the 
Heights. 

What can you state of the departure of the British ? 



62. 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



Accordingly, on the lYth of March, 1 7*76, the British troop?, 
accompanied' by fifteen hundred families of loyalists, embarked 
on board the ships in the harbor, and sailed for Halifax. 

What can you state of an expedition against New York? 

Surmising that an expedition, conducted by Clinton, which 
had been previously sent from Boston, was destined to attack 
New York, Washington sent Gen. Charles Lee to protect that 
city. 

What was then done ty Clinton ? 

Foiled in his attempt against New York, Clinton sailed to 
the South, and was joined by Sir Peter Parker's fleet from 
England, when the united forces proceeded against Chailestoii. 











TiClNJlTOE 

HARLESTON 



Map Questions. 

In what direction is Charles- 
ton from Savannah? (Seo 
map, p. 41.) Between what 
two rivers is Cliarleston situ- 
ated? (62.) How is Sallivan'? 
lelarid situated ? Wliat foit 
is on Sullivan's Island? What 
other forts are in Charleston 
Harbor? What strait con- 
nects New York Bay with 
the Atlantic Ocean ? (See 
map, p. 64.) What island on 
the west of the Narrows ? On 
the east? Ans. Lons; Island. 
How is Brooklyn situated? 
White Plains? (See map, p. 
26.) North Castle? Fort 
Washington ? Fort Lee ? 



Were the people of Charleston prepared ? 

The people of Charleston had made preparations against an 
attack, by erecting a fort of palmetto wood on Sullivan's 
Island, which commanded the channel leading to the town. 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 63 

Tills was garrisoned by five hundred men, under Col. Moultrie 
{mole'-tre) 

Give an account of the tnttU tMre. 

On the morning of the 2Stli of June, the ficet approached 
Sullivan's Island ; but, after a conflict of nine hours, during 
which Clinton was defeated in an attempt to reach the place, 
the ships, much shattered, drew off, and afterv/ard sailed to 
the North. 

What icas Congress doing in the mean time? 

In the mean time, Congress was preparing to declare a sepa- 
ration of the political relations existing between Great Britain 
and the colonies. A resolution to that effect, having been 
offered by Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, on the 7th of 
June, was passed by a large majority on the 2d of July. 

What took place two days later ? 

Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia, in behalf of a committee of 
five members, presented a document which he had prepared; 
and, orn the 4th of July, this document, the Declaration of 
Independence, was unanimously adopted by Congress. 

Where was a large force of the enemy now concentrating? 

In the beginning of July, Gen. Howe took possession ot 
Staten Island, at the entrance of New York Bay. Here he 
was joined by liis brother, Admiral Lord Howe, by Clinton, 
and by a large body of Hessians. 

HoiD many men did the British and American armies then count? 

Howe soon had an army of thirty-five thousand men; wdiile 
Washington's efi"ective force, in New York and vicinity, did 
not exceed seventeen thousand men. 

What m^ovements did the British make against the Americans? 
Howe's troops were landed on the western end of Long 
Island, and, in three divisions, by three different roads, 




64 THE AMERICAN KEVOLUTION. 

advanced toward tlie American camp at Brooklyn, then in 
command of Gen. Putnam. 

Give an account of the battle tJiat followed. 

While two of the divisions, Angnst 27, were engaging the 
Americans, the third, under Clinton, having taken a circuitous 
route, fell upon their rear. Some of the patriots cut their 
way through the host of foes, but 
nearly two thousand were killed, 
wounded, or taken prisoners. The 
British lost less than four hundred. 

What can you state of Washington's 
masterly retreat to New York ? 

On the 29th, while a heavy fog 
was hanging over Brooklyn, Wash- 
ington succeeded in getting his 
troops to New York, thus accom- 
plishing one of the most signal achievements of ihe war. 
What course did Washington then adopt ? 

Influenced by his officers, he retreated to the northern part 
of New York island, and then to White Plains. Here a par- 
tial engagement, to the disadvantage of the Americans, took 
place on the 28th of October, when they withdrew to North 
Castle. 

What course did Washington soon after pursue ? 
Leaving one detachment, under Lee, at North Castle, and 
another, under Col. Magaw, at Fort Washington, Washington 
crossed the Hudson, and entered New Jersey. 

What account can you give of the attack on Fort Washington ? 

On the 16th of November, the British attacked the fort, 
and although they were successful, the victory cost them a 
thousand men. 

WhAt did the British next do ? 



KKW YORK BAT. 



THE AMERICAN KEVOLUTION-. 65 

To ihc number of six thousand, with Lord Cornwallis in 
command, they crossed the Hudson, and took possession of 
Fort Lee, which the Americans had abandoned on their ap- 
proach. 

WTiat can you state of WasJiington's retreat ? 

Pursued by Cornwallis, Washington retreated through New 
Jersey, and, early in December, crossed the Delaware. Con- 
gress, then in session at Philadelphia, soon adjourned to Balti- 
moie. 

How did tlie Americans break their train of disasters? 

A feeling of despondency, occasioned by the many disasters, 
prevailed among the patriots. This was dispelled by a bold 
enterprise accomplished by Washington. 

Gids an account of it. 

On the night of the 25th of December, Washington crossed 
the Delaware, and, on the morning of the 26th, attacked a 
body of Hessians stationed at Trenton. Rahl, their com- 
mander, was mortally wounded, about thirty were slain, and 
nearly a thousand taken prisoners. The Americans lost only 
four men. 

What did Wasliington then resolve upon ? 

Washington recrossed the Delaware with his prisoners, but, 
finding his army strengthened by recent recruits, he again 
crossed the river, and took post at Trenton, resolved to act on 
the offensive. 

EVENTS OF 1777. 

What was Washington's force at Trenton in the beginning o/1777t 
After being joined by troops under Generals Mifflin and 
Cadwallader, Washington's whole force at Trenton, on the Isl 
of January, 1777, did not exceed five thousand men. 
What tookjplace there on the following day ? 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION", 







CENTRAL PAKT OF NEW JERSEY. 



Map Qnestions. Toward the evening of the 

How is Trenton situated? In what c\^ r^ ii- t -i m 

direction is it from Princeton? From ^d, ComwaHlS reached J rcnton, 

Monmouth? Middietinvu ? Morris- and made Several unsiiccesful 

town? Springfield? 

attempts to cross the stream 
which runs through the town. 
He then concluded to defer hos- 
tilities till morning. 

Deserve the situation in which 
Washington icas placed. 

To retreat across the Dela- 
ware, then obstructed by float- 
ing ice, or to remain and risk a 
k^ battle with a superior force, a}> 
peared to Washington dangerous. 
In that situation what scheme was adopted? 
A bold expedient was adopted. Leaving his camp-fires 
burning, he marched by a circuitous route toward Princeton, 
intending to surprise the enemy at that place. 
Sow did he succeed f 

At sunrise, January 3d, the van of his forces encountered, 
near Princeton, a division of the British troops already on 
their march to join Cornwallis. At first the American miHtia 
gave w^ay ; but Washington coming up wdth a select corps, 
turned the tide of battle and routed the enemy. 
What losses were sustained hy each painty f 

The loss of the British in killed, wounded, and prisoners, was 
about four hundred men ; that of the Americans did not ex- 
ceed thirty, but Geu. Mercer was among their mortally wounded. 
What efforts were made to secure the aid of France? 
Early in 1776 Congress sent Silas Deane to France to solicit 
aid. Deane was afterward joined by Dr. Franklin and Arthni 
Lee. 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION". 



67 



Wiih what success tcere the efforts attended ? 

Though France hesitated to extend the aid solicited, the 
Marquis de Lafayette and other citizens of that country acted 
generously. At his own expense Lafayette fitted out a vessel, 
and, in the spring of 1777, arrived in America. He joined 
the army as a volunteer without pay, but was soon after ap- 
pointed a major-general. 

What can you state of Try on' s first expedition against Connecticut ? 

Towards the close of April, Gen, Tryon, late royal governor 
of New York, proceeded against Danbury, and after destroying 
the stores there, burned the town. On his retreat back to his 
shipping, he was harassed by the militia, losing nearly three 
hundred men. 

How did the Americans offset Tryon' s wantonness? 

Two small expeditions on the part of the Americans were 

successful. Col. Meigs, at the Map Questions. 

1 ^ t? J i J i.^ ry 'i. Into -niiiit water does the Elk River 

head ot one, destroyed the Brit- « , .. , • n . ^ ^vu 

' J flow? IJrandywine Creek? A\ here js 

isb stores and shipping at Sagg Chad's Ford? Philadelphia? Paoh 

TT 1 1 r^ ) T> J i Valley Forge ? Gerinantown ? Fort 

Harbor; and Col. Larton, at Mifflin? Fort Mercer? Ked Bank? 



the head of the other, captured 
Gen. Prescott, the commander 
at Rhode Island. 

What scheme didRoice endeavor 
to carry out in New Jersey ? 

Washington's army had been 
encamped at Morristown during 
the first month of 1777; but 
in the spring he removed to 
Middlebrook. Howe having 
tailed to draw Washington from 
this latter place, withdrew his troops to Staten Island. 

What course did Howe then pursue ? 




PHILADKLPHIA AND VICINITY. 



68 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION". 

The British were then embarked on board the fleet of Lord 
Howe, and, sailing up Chesapeake Bay, were landed at a point 
on the Elk River, their destination being against Philadelphia. 

In what way did Washington endeavor to protect Philadelphia ? 

As soon as Washington heard of the approach of the 
British, he took a position at Chad's Ford, on Brandywine 
Creek, where, on the 11th of September, a battle was fought. 

Give an account of the "battle. 

The enemy advanced in two divisions, and while one made 
a direct attack upon the left wing of the Americans, the other 
crossed the stream above, and unexpectedly fell upon their 
right, forcing them to give way. 

What losses were sustained hy each party ? 

The loss of the Americans in killed, wounded, and prisoners, 
amounted to twelve hundred men; that of the British to about 
five hundred. Among the wounded was Lafayette. 

Bid the British succeed in getting possession of Philadelphia ? 

Washington in vain endeavored to save Philadelphia. On 
the 20th of September, Gen. Wayne was defeated at Paoli by 
a detachment of the enemy; and on the 26th, Howe entered 
the city ; but the main body of his army encamped for the 
winter at Germantown, four miles distant. 

What took place, not many days after, at Germantown f 

LearniniT that a strono; detachment of the British had left 
for the reduction of Forts Mifflin and Mercer, Washington 
attacked the force remaining at Germantown, October 4 ; but 
after one of the bloodiest and most obstinate conflicts of the 
war, the patriots were repulsed, with a loss of a thousand men. 

Give an account of the operations against Forts Mifflin and Mercer. 

On the 22d of October the two forts on the Delaware were 
attacked ; Mercer, by two thousand Hessians, under Count 
Doncp ; and Mifflin, by a naval force. But, in both cases, the 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 69 

British were repulsed with heavy loss ; Donop was mortally 
wounded. 

What second attempt to reduce the forts was raade? 

On the 10th of November a second attempt to reduce Fort 
Mifflin was commenced. After a heroic defence of five days, 
daring which the British kept up a destructive fire from a 
battery and also from their ships, the garrison evacuat.^d the 
fort, and crossed to Red Bank. A force appearing before 
Fort Mercer soon after, it, too, was abandoned. 

What can you state of Washington's army during the winter f 

During the winter of 1777-78, Washington's troops were 
quartered in huts at Valley Forge, where they suffered greatly 
lor want of food and clothing, and many of the officers resigned 
in consequence of not receiving their pay. 

BURGOYNE'S INVASION. 

What army of invasion was gathered in 1777 at the JVorth ? 

During the early part of the summer of 1777, an army of 
ten thousand men, British and German troops, Canadians and 
Indians, was fitted out in Canada for the invasion of the 
United States. 

What was the object of the invading army f 

The design of Gen. Burgoyne, the commander of this large 
force, was to effect a junction of his own army with that of 
another from New York, and thus cut off Wasbington's com- 
munication with the Eastern States. 

What place did Burgoyne first proceed against ? 

After taking possession of Crown Point, Burgoyne pro- 
ceeded to invest Fort Ticonderoga, then garrisoned by three 
thousand men under Gen. St. Clair. 

How did Burgoyne succeed ? 

St. Clair had determined upon a resolute defence, but, dis- 



70 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



Map Qtiestions. 

How Is Crown Puint situate'! 
comleroira ? Mnunt Defiance? 
hardtop ? Fort E.lward ? 
Albany ? Bennington ? 



Ti- 

Hub- 

Saratoga ? 

nto w" at 



river does the Mohawk empty? "Wh 
is Plattsburg ? 



covering, to liis dismay, that the 
enemy had erected battei'ies on 
Mount Defiance, so as to command 
the fort, he made a hasty retreat. 

WJiat disaster hcfell the Ameri- 
cans on tlie retreat ? 

On the mornii:ig of the Yth ot 
July, the rear division of the re- 
treating army was overtaken at 
Hubbard ton, and routed witk 
considerable loss. The ammu- 
nition and stores, which had 
been sent by water, were also 
overtaken, and were destroyed. 

What further retreat and advance 
were made f 

Gen. Schuyler (ski'-ler)^ who 
was then in command of the 
American forces at the north, 
gradually fell back to the islands 
at the mouth of the Mohawk. 
Bnrgoyne's march from the head 
of Lake Champlain to Fort Ed- 
ward was also slov%', because 
Schuyler had destroyed the 
bridges and felled the trees 
across the roads. 

What expedition had Burgoyne 
prenously sent westwar'd ? 

Burgoyne, before leaving Can- 
ada, had sent an exp-^dition, un- 
der St. Leger, to capture Fort Schuyler. Finding the fort 
resolutely defended, St. Leger determined upon a siege. On 




Schfinedaiij- . ^ 
ALBANY^ 



SAKATOGA AND VICINITY. 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 71 

the 6tli of August, Gen. Herkimer, while advancing to the re- 
lief of the place, fell into an ambuscade and was defeated, he 
being mortally wounded. 

How was the siege Irought to a dose f 

The Indian allies of St. Leger, hearing that Arnold was ap- 
proaching with a large army, fled in great liaste, and the siege 
was consequently abandoned. 

What difficulty did Burgoyne experience while at Fort Edward f 

Bnrgoyne, having arrived at Fort Edward, and finding him- 
self in want of supplies, sent five hundred men, under CoL 
Baum, to seize the stores which the Americans had collected 
at Bennington. 

What was the result of Baum'' s expedition? 

Baum was met near Bennington by the New Hampshire 
militia, under Gen. Stark, and defeated ; and on the same day, 
August 16th, a detachment which had been sent to the aid of 
Baum, was also defeated. 

Eow did the reverses of the British affect them ? 

The reverses experienced by the British at Fort Schuyler 
and Bennington embarrassed the movements of Burgoyne, and 
^veakened and dispirited his army. 

What admnce movements were made by the two armies ? 

Gen. Gates, who had been appointed to succeed Schuyler in 
the command, advanced to Bemis Heights, near Stillwater, and 
Burgoyne crossed the Hudson. 

What took place on the following day? 

On the lOth of September was fought the battle of Bemis 
Heio-hts, sometimes called the first battle of Stillwater, in which 
Arnold displayed great bravery ; and, though the British occu- 
pied the battle field at the close of the conflict, their progress 
toward Albany was efi'ectually checked. 

What disposition was then made of the two armies ? 



72 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

The two armies reniained iu sight of each other for moro 
than two weeks ; Burgoyne, in the mean time, strengthening 
his position, to await the co-operation of Clinton from New 
York. 

What did Burgoyne afterward determine upon f 

Despairing of aid, the British commander determined, if 
possible, to cut his way through the American lines. This 
brought on, October 'Zth, the battle of Saratoga, or the second 
of Stillwater. 

Gite an account of the tattle. 

After a fierce conflict of several hours, in which the loss of 
the British was severe, they were compelled to give way. 
Arnold again distinguished himself, though fighting without 
any assigned command, and was severely wounded. 

WhaZ can you state of Burgoyne' s final movements ? 

Burgoyne retired to Saratoga, where, finding himself so sur- 
rounded by the Americans that all chance of retreat was cut 
oflf, and being without provisions, on the 17th of October he 
surrendered his whole army, numbering more than five thou- 
sand men, prisoners of war. 

What had Glinton teen doing in the mean time ? 

Clinton, in the mean time, had captured Forts Clinton and 
Montgomery ; but instead of hastening to the co-operation of 
Burgoyne, he sent an expedition to devastate the country. 

What did the British do on hearing of Burgoyne' s surrender ? 

The British, on the northern frontiers, upon hearing of their 
disaster at Saratoga, abandoned Ticonderoga and other forts ; 
and Clinton's expedition, after burning Kingston, returned to 
New York. 

EVENTS OF 1778. 

What effect did news of Burgoyne' s surrender have in England? 

In England the news of Burgoyue's surrender produced 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 73 

great alarm, and commisssioners were sent to America to ne- 
gotiate a restoration of peace. 

How did Gongress receive the commissioners? 

Congress refused to treat with them until Great Britain 
should withdraw her fleets and armies, or acknowledge the 
independence of the United States. 

What effect did the newsof Burgoyne's surrender have in France ? 

In consequence of the success of the Americans at Saratoga, 
France acknowledged the independence of the United States ; 
a treaty of alliance was concluded between the two countries; 
and a squadron, commanded by D'Estaing {des-taing')^ was at 
once sent to America. 

What instructions were sent to the British commanders f 

The British government, fearing for the safety of their fleet 
in the Delaware, and of their main army at Philadelphia, or- 
dered both forces to proceed to New York. 

What occurred during the retreat of the army ? 

On the 18th of June, Clinton, who had succeeded Howe in 
the command, evacuated Philadelphia, and commenced his 
march through New Jersey to New York. Washington gave 
pursuit ; and at Monmouth, on the 28th, a severely contested 
battle was fought. 

What can you state of the battle f 

In the early part of the conflict, Washington came up just 
as Lee's division was in full retreat : he rebuked Lee, and di- 
rected him to assist in further operations. 

How did the battle result ? 

Though, at the close of the day, the result of the engage- 
ment was indecisive, the advantage was with the Americans, 
and they slept on their arms, intending to renew the contest 
on the following morning ; but Clinton silently departed be- 
fore dawn. 

i 



74 THE AMERICAN" REVOLUTION. 

What losses were sustained hy the two armies ? 

The loss of the British in the battle and by desertions during 
the march, amounted to fifteen hundred men. The Americans 
lost more than two hundred, many of whom fell from the ex- 
cessive heat and ftitigue of the day. 

WJiat offensive course did Lee afterward take toward Washington f 

Lee's pride having been wounded by the rebuke which he 
bad received, he addressed two disrespectful letters to Wash- 
ington, and, at his own request, was tried by a court-martial. 
After' a tedious investigation he was sentenced to be suspended 
from all command for a year. 

What enterprise did Washington and D'Estaing decide vpon f 

A combined attack by D'Estaing and Gen. Sullivan was 
planned for the expulsion of the British from Rhode Island, 
where, under Gen. Pigot, they had established a military 
depot. 

What diverted D' Estaing from his object? 

Tempted by the hope of a victory, D'Estaing sailed out to 
meet Lord Howe ; but a furious storm having disabled the two 
fleets just as they were about to engage, he returned to New- 
port, and soon after departed for Boston to repair his ships. 

What can you state of Sullivan's movements ? 

Sullivan, finding himself thus deserted, withdrew to the 
northern part of the island ; and, being followed by Pigot, an 
engagement took place, August 29, resulting in a loss of over 
two hundred to each side, and in the repulse of the British. 

What movement did Sullivan tlien make? 

Learning that a fleet with troops was coming to the aid of 
Pigot, Sullivan gained the mainland just in time to avoid being 
intercepted by Clinton. 

What acts of the enemy were particularly atrocious ? 

An expedition, commanded ])y Gen. Grey, commitied great 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION". 75 

destruction at New Bedlbrd and other places ; but no acts of 
the enemy were more atrocious than those of which they were 
guilty at Wyoming and Cherry Valley. 

Oive an account of the "Massacre of Wyoming." 

Early in July a large force of tories and Indians, under Col. 
John Butler, entered the valley of AVyoming, spread desolation 
in every direction, and slaughtered a body of the inhabitants 
who had marched against them. 

What account can you give of the enemy's doings at Cherry Valley? 

In November a party of the same mixed character fell 
upon the settlement of Cherry Valley, in New York, and 
killed 01" carried into captivity many of the settlers. 

What expedition was sent against Georgia ? 

Toward the close of the year Clinton sent an expedition 
of two thousand men to invade Georgia. Col. Campbell, its 
commander, proceeded against Savannah, then defended by a 
small force, under Gen. Robert Howe, 

WJiat did Clinton accomplish f 

A battle took place on the 29th December, in which the 
Americans were defeated with much loss ; and, in consequence, 
Savannah fell into the hands of the British. 

EVENTS OF 1779. 

What loss did the Americans sustain after that of Savannah ? 

At the beginning of 1779 only one post in Georgia, that of 
Sunbury, remained in possession of the Americans. This was 
captured on the 9th of January by Gen. Prevost, who, there- 
upon, assumed the command of the British forces in the south. 

What took place at Kettle Creek ? 

A band of tories, while marching to join Prevost, committed 
o-reat devastations and cruelties. On the 14th of February 



76 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

tliey were attacked by a body of Carolina militia, and utterly 
defeated ; Boyd, their commander, being among the slain. 

Oive an account of the disaster at Brier Creek. 

At Brier Creek, Gen. Ashe, who had been sent to drive the 
British from Augusta, was surprised by Prevost on the 3d of 
March, and defeated with the loss of nearly his whole army. 

Give an account of the defeat at Stono Ferry. 

On the 20th of June, Gen. Lincoln, the commander of the 
American forces at the south, made an attack upon a body of 
the enemy at Stono Ferry, a position which menaced Charles- 
ton, but he was repulsed. 

What did Lincoln and D'Estaing undertake at a later period? 

On the 9th of October, after Lincoln and D'Estaing had be- 
sieged Savannah three weeks, the two commanders made a 
combined assault, but were repulsed with the loss of nearly a 
thousand men. 

What losses had the Americans sustained at the north meantime ? 

In the mean time, Tryon had made two more expeditions 
against Connecticut, and Clinton had captured Stony and Ver- 
planck's points. 

jyid Stony Point remain in the hands of the British? 

Washington, desiring to recapture Stony Point, planned an 
attack under Wayne. At midnight, on the. 15th of July, the 
Americans, in two columns, forced their way into the fort from 
opposite sides, and, meeting in the centre of the works, the 
garrison surrendered at discretion. 

What losses did each party sustain ? 

The entire loss of the Americans in thib brilliant success, 
achieved at the point of the bayonet, and without firing a gun, 
was fifteen killed and eighty-three wounded. The enemy lost 
upward of six hundred in killed and prisoners. 

By what gallant exploit was that of Wayne soon followed? 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION". T7 

On the 19tli July, four clays after, the British post at Paul us 
[Paw'-lus) Hook was surprised by Major Lee, and one hun- 
dred and fifty of the garrison were made prisoners. 

What can you state of Sullimn's expedition f 

Sullivan, who had been sent against the Indians of Western 
New York to check their depredations and avenge the " Mas- 
sacre of \yyoming," was completely successful. He defeated 
a body of Indians and tories in the battle of the Chemung, 
August 29th, and then destroyed forty Indian villages, and a 
vast amount of corn. 

What remarkalle naval battle tooTc place tliis year? 

In September an obstinate engagement took place off Flam- 
borough Head, England, between a small squadron of French 
and American vessels, commanded by Paul Jones, and two 
British frigates. It lasted from seven till ten at night, when 
both frigates surrendered. 

EVENTS OF 1780. 

How were the operations of 1780 commenced? 

Clinton, with a fleet commanded by Arbuthnot, proceeded 
against Charleston, then defended by Lincoln, and, on the 1st 
of April, ] 780, commenced a regular siege. 

Whal misfortune befell the Americans at a place near CJiarleston ? 

An American force, stationed at Monk's Corners to keep 
open a communication between the city and the interior, was 
surprised by Tarleton, April 14, and put to flight. 

Give an account of the surrender of Charleston. 

On the 12th of May, Lincoln, unable to hold out any longer, 
made an unconditional surrender, and every man in Charleston 
became a piisoncr of war. 

Wliat other disasters to the Americans followed soon after? 

The Americans were also unfortunate in losing the post of 



78 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



Map Questions. 

TIow is SavanriBh situated ? In what direction is Sunbury from Savannnli ? Ncir 
what large city is Stono Ferry? How is Augusta situated? Monk's Corner? 
Ninety-Six? Kocky Mount? Hanging Rock? Camden? King's Mountain ? Cow- 
pens? Guilford Court-House? Hobkirk's Hill ? Eutaw Springs? Into what river 
does Brier Creek flow? Sanders Creek? Catawba River? Yadkin Eiver? Dan 
River? How is Leavenworth situated? (See map, p. 116.) Matamoras? Moa- 
iere.y(2)? 




Sitvaiman. 

Sunburyj^- 



Ninetj-Six ; and again at Waxliaw Creek, where Tarleton 
overtook a body of four hundred patriots, and, giving no 
quarters, massacred nearly every man. 

At this stage icJiat course did Clinton pursue f 

Clinton, believing South Carolina to be subdued, sailed for 
New York, leaving Cornwallis to carry the war into North 
Carolina and Virginia; but Generals Sumter and Marion 
(ma-re-un), by their partisan warfare, still kept alive the spirit 
of freedom at the south. 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 79 

"What can you state of Sumtefs doings ? 

Although Sumter met with a repulse at Eocky Mount, yet 
at Hanging Rock, only a week after, he gained a decided vic- 
tory. 

What can you state of a tattle that took place in Avgust ? 

On the 16th of August occurred the battle of Sanders Creek. 
Gen. Gates, who had been appointed by Congress to succeed 
Lincoln in the command at the south, advanced against the 
British, and was met by Cornwallis a short distance from 
Camden. 

Give an account of the tattle. 

After a desperate contest, the American regulars, being de- 
serted by the militia, were forced to retreat, with a loss of 
about a thousand men. De Kalb, mortally wounded, was 
taken prisoner. 

What disaster was a sequel to that of Sanders Greek ? 

Gates's defeat let loose the enemy against Sumter, who, at 
Fishing Creek, two days after, was surprised by Tarleton, and 
routed with great slaughter. 

How did Gornioallis proceed after the two successes to his arms ? 

Believing South Carolina to be at last subdued, Cornwallis 
proceeded to overrun North Carolina, detaching Major Fer- 
guson to precede him. Large numbers of tories joined the 
detachment during its march. 

What can you state of Ferguson's career f 

The excesses of which Ferguson's troops were guilty so ex- 
asperated the inhabitants, that a hastily-formed force, under 
Col. Campbell, attacked them at King's Mountain, October 7th, 
and killed Ferguson and one hundred and fifty ot his men. 
The remainder, numbering more than eight hundred, Rurren- 
dered. The loss of the Americans was only twenty. 

Fm' what is the year 1780 particularly memorable ? 



80 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



Map Questions. 

How is "West Point situ- 
ated? Stony Point? Ver- 
planclc's Point? Fort Clinton? 
Fort Montgomery ? Fort In- 
depen ce ? Tarry town ? 



The 3'Car 1780 is particularly mem- 
orable for the "Treason of Arnold." 

Hoio teas ArnoM led to take the step 
in treason f 

In 1778, after the British had 
p2 evacuated Philadelphia, Arnold was 
put in command of that city. Here 
he lived at an expense beyond his in- 
come, and, to meet the demands of 
his creditors, appropriated public 
funds to his own use. 
What followed f 

Charges were preferred agaiust 
bim, and, in conformity with the de- 
cision of the court, he was repri- 
manded by Washington. He felt 
tbe disgrace, and determined to wreak 
his vengeance. 

In what way did he proceed ? 
Having secured tbe command of West Point, he offered to 
betray it into the bands of Clinton. Major Andre, aid-de- 
camp to Clinton, met Arnold at a point six miles below West 
Point ; and the treasonable bargain was completed. 
How was Arnold's design frustrated f 

Andre, Avhile on his way back to New York, was arrested 
by three militiamen, Paulding, Williams, and Van Wart ; and 
in his boots were found papers in Arnold's own handwriting. 
What further can you state of Arnold and Andre ? 
The captive was taken to Col. Jameson, who stupidly wrote 
to Arnold of the arrest ; and thus the traitor was enabled to 
escape to New York. Andre was executed as a spy. 




THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 81 



EVENTS OF 1781, AND TO THE BEGINNING OF WASH- 
INGTON'S ADMINISTRATION. 

What event marked the opening of 1781 ? 

For want of pay, clothing, and provisions, the army d 
Washington suffered greatly at Morristown during the winter 
of iVSO-l. Believing that Congress was at fault, thirteen 
Iiundred troops of the Pennsylvania line, on the 1st of January, 
1781, left their camp to seek redress of that body. 

What occurred during the march of the troops ? 

On the march they were overtaken by two emissaries oi 
Clinton, but these they seized and conducted to Gen. Wayne," to 
be treated as spies. They were afterward met by a committee 
of Congress, who satisfied their pressing wants, and thus sup- 
pressed the revolt. 

What was done by Congress soon after the revolt ? 

This and other manifestations of discontent among the 
troops quickened Congress to act for their relief The Bank 
of North America was established ; and Robert Morris, its 
} "resident, by the financial aid which he rendered, enabled the 
government to prosecute the war. 

What appointment did Greene receive, and what was his first move ? 

Gates, in consequence of his defeat at Sanders Creek, was 
superseded in the command by Gen. Greene, who at once sent 
Gen.. Morgan t^ check the devastations of the British in South 
Carolina. 

Gi€e an account of the battle that soon occurred. 

At the Cowpens, on the l7th of January, Tarelton overtook 
Morgan ; but, after a severe battle, the British were completely 
routed, losing about eight hundred men, while the loss of the 
Americans did not exceed thirty. 

What rmnarkahU retreat afterward oc-curredf 

4* 



82 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

Morgan, after his victory, hurried off in a northeasterly di- 
rection ; and Cornwallis, on hearing of Tarleton's defeat, started 
in pursuit. Just as the Americans had succeeded in fording 
the Catawba and the Yadkin, they were favored by rain storms 
on both occasions, which rendered the rivers, for a time, im- 
passable. After they crossed the Dan, Cornwallis gave up the 
pursuit. 

What movement and tattle soon after took place? 

Greene, who had arrived at the Catawba and commanded 
Morgan's retreating division from that phice, recrossed the 
Dan, and, on the loth of ^larch, was attacked at Guilford 
{ghil'-furd) Court-House. The result, though unfavorable to 
the Amercans, left Cornwallis in such a disabled condition that 
he was compelled to retreat from the iield of victory. 

What bold movement did Greene then make ? 

Greene rallied his forces, and for several days pursued Corn- 
wallis; but not being able to overtake him, he re-entered South 
Carolina to attack the enemy at Camden. x\t Hobkirk's Hill, 
two miles from that place, Lord Rawdon partly surprised him 
on the 25th of April. The struggle was waged with varied 
fortune, but at leno-th a reo-iment of the Americans breakinj^ 
the patriots were forced to retreat. 

Wliat account can you give of the last hattle fougJit in Carolina? 

The battle of Eutaw {u'-taiv) Springs, fought on the 8th of 
September, between Greene and Stuart, closed the contest in 
the Carolinas. This was a desperate engagement, and at one 
time victory seemed certain for the Americans ; but the Brit- 
ish rallying, Greene drew off his troops, taking with him about 
nve hundred prisoners. 

What^ in the mean time, had taken place in Virginia ? 

In the mean time, Arnold, acting in the royal service, bad 
invaded Virginia, and effected great destruction of property. 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 83 

A plan for his capture miscarried, because a French fleet failed 
to co-operate with Lafayette. 

WJiat else had taken place in Virginia f 

Cornwallis, too, had entered Virginia; and as New Yort 
was menaced by Washington, he took post at Yorktown, that 
he might readily send reinforcements there to Clinton. 

What change in Washington's movements took place f 

The arrival of a French fleet in Chesapeake Bay, induced 
Washington to proceed against Cornwallis, but at the same time 
to continue preparations as if against New York ; consequently, 
before Clinton became aware of the real intentions of Wash- 
ington, that commander was well on his way to \' irginia. 

What counterplot did Clinton put into execution? 

It being too late to adopt any direct 
measures for the aid of Cornwallis, Clinton 
undertook to recall Washington, by luirry- 
ing off" an expedition under Arnold against 
New London. 

Give an account of Arnold's expedition. 

Fort Griswokl, near New London, made new lonoon and 
a brave defence, but was finally carried by 
assault. Col. Ledyard, its commander, was murdered with his 
own sword, after yielding it up, and many of the garrison were 
also slaughtered. The town was reduced to ashes. 

Was the main object of Arnold's expedition effected ? 

Arnold's expedition failed to recall Washington, and soon 
Yorktown was invested with a large force of French and 
American troops, while the French fleet, commanded by 
Count de Grasse, blockaded the York and James rivers. 

With wlmt success did the 'besiegers proceed ? 

On the 9th of October, the allied armies commenced a can- 




84 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, 

nonadc so lieavy tliat in a day oi two most of the works of 
the British were demoh'shed. 

Vi^hat was the result of the operations against YorMown ? 

At length, on the 19th of October, finding his position un- 
enable, and seeing no prospect of relief, Cornwallis surren- 
dered Yorktown, with more than seven thousand soldiers, to 
Washington, and his shipping and seamen to De Grasse. 

What effect did the surrender of Cornwallis produce ? 

Cornwaiiis's surrender caused great rejoicing throughout the 
United States, and in England it made the war so unpopular 
that negotiations were entered into for the establishment of 
peace. 

Wliat icere the steps taken for the establishment of peace? 

On the 30th of November, 1782, a preliminary treaty was 
signed at Paris by commissioners from the two governments, 
those from the United States being John Adams, Benjamin 
Franklin, John Jay, and Henry Laurens. On the 19th of 
April, 1783, a cessation of hostilities was proclaimed in the 
American army; and on the 3d of September following, a 
definitive treaty was signed at Paris. 

What did the treaty secure to the United States ? 

By the terms of the treaty Great Britain acknowledged the 
independence of the United States, and allowed boundaries 
extending to the great lakes on the north and the Mississippi 
?n the west. Florida, at the same time, was restored to Spain. 

In ichat condition did the close of the loar find the national finances ? 

x\t the close of the war the government was unable to meet 
the just claims of its creditors, and the consequence was 
iron eral discontent, particularly among the officers and privates 
of the army. 

How were the trouUes with the army healed f 

Through the influence of AVashington the ill-feeling in the 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. bo 

army Avas allayed; and Congress afterward granted five years' 
whole pay to the officers, instead of, as by resolution passed in 
1780, half-pay for life. Four months' whole pay was granted 
to the privates. 

Name some of the closing scenes of the war. 

By order of Congress the army was disbanded on the 3d of 
November, 1*783 : on the 25th of the same month New York 
was evacuated by the British ; and in December following, 
Washington, " with a heart full of love and gratitude," took 
leave of his officers at that city. 

What did Washington afterward do ? 

He then repaired to Annapolis ; and there, on the 23d of 
December, in a simple and impressive address, resigned to 
Congress his commission as commander-in-chief. On the fol- 
lowing day he reached his home at Mount Vernon. 

Peace heing established, what etnbarrassments beset Congress ? 

It was found that by the Articles of Confederation, un- 
der which the United States had existed since 1781, Congress 
had no power to raise money and pay the debts incurred by 
the war. 

What was done in this condition of things? 

The individual states were therefore called upon for funds; 
and their responsive efforts, made by direct taxation, produced 
great opposition, especially in Massachusetts, where it grew to 
an open insurrection, known as Shays's Rebellion. It was sup- 
pressed in 1787. 

To what measure did the outbreak lead? 

This rebellion, and other causes, convinced the people that 
a more powerful general government was needed. Accord- 
ingly, a national convention was held at Philadelphia, with 
Washington as president, and after four months' deliberation, 
the Constitution was adopted. 



86 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

What farther can you say of the Constitution? 

After being ratified by the requisite number of States, 
though not without opposition, it went into operation on the 
4th of March, 1789. 



REVIEW QUESTION. 



1. What connection did the French and Indian Wars have with the 
American Revolution? (55.) — 2. Wliat principle in relation to taxation did 
the Americans assert? — 3. Why had Parliament no right to tax the colo- 
nists ? — 4. When was the Stamp Act passed? — 5. What was the Stamp 
Act? — 6. How did Patrick Henry distinguish himself? — 7. How came a 
Colonial Congress to be held ? — 8. Where was it held ? — 9, How many 
colonies were represented in it? — 10. Who was chosen its president? (56.) 
— 11. What did it accomplish? — 12. Why did not the Stamp Act go into 
effect? — 13. How was the repeal of the Stamp Act brought about? — 14. 
When was the act repealed? — 15. What right did Parliament still claim? 
— 16. How was this claim made manifest? — 17. What associations were 
formed?— 18. How did the people of Boston behave? — 19. What was the 
consequence? — 20. Give an account of the "Boston Massacre." — 21. What 
change was made in the revenue law of 1767 ? (57.) — 22. What duty still 
remained on tea? — 23. Why were not the colonists satisfied? — 24. What 
became of the tea sent to New York 1—25. That sent to Philadelphia? — 
26. That sent to Boston ?— 27. What can you say of the Boston Port Bill ? 
— 28. Where did "The First Continental Congress" sneer.?— 29. When ?— 
30. Who was president? — 31. What was accomplished by the Congress ? 
— 32. Upon what expedition were Smith and Pitcairn sent? — 33. When 
was tlie battle of Lexington fought ? (58.) — 34. What took place at Lex- 
ington on the morning of the 19th of April ?— 35. What at Concord ? — 36. 
What, again, at Lexington? — 37. Give an account of the other events of 
the day. — 38. At what place did the militia of New England afterward 
assemble ? — 39. W here was Ticonderoga ? (Map, p. 45.) — 40. Crown Point ? 
— 41, What can you state of the capture of both places ? (58.) — 42. What 
generals arrived to the aid of Gage ?— 43. What proclamation did Gage 
issue ?— 44. When did the battle of Bunker Hill take place ? (59.) — 45. Did 
the battle take place on Bunker or Breed's Hill? — 46. How did it so hap- 
pen ?— 47. Give an account of the day's doings. (59, 60.) — 48. When was 
Washington elected to command the army? (60.) — 49. By whom was he 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 87 

ck'ctcd ? — 50, W}i-at can you state of Gov. Diuitnore? — 51. Upon what ex- 
pedition were Schuyler and Arnold sent? — 52. Who succeeded Schuyler 
ill the eommand ? — 53. Why did Montgomery succeed, him? — 54. What 
success did Montgomery have ? — 55. How did Arnold succeed ? (60, 61.) — ■ 
5<i. ^Vhen did the battle of Quebec take place ? (61.) — 57. Give an account 
of it.— 58. Where did Washington join the army ufter his appointment? 
• — 59. Wher<; is Cambridge ? Ans. Three miles from Boston. — 60, What 
compelled tlie British to leave Boston ? — 61. When did they leave ? (62.) — • 
62. Upon wliat expedition was Clinton sent? — 63. How is Charleston situ- 
ated ?(Map, p. 78.)— 64. Give an account of Clinton's expedition. (62, 63.) 
--65. What took pUce in Congress on the 7th of June, 1776? (63.) — 66. 
On the 2d of July ? — 67. On the 4th of July ?— On Staten Island, in July? 
— 68. Wiiat was Howe's first movement? — 69. When was the battle of 
Long Lsland fought? (64.)~70. Give an account of the battle. — 71. Of 
Washington's retreat. — 72. When did the battle of White Plains take 
place? — 73. What account can you give of it ? — 74. What success did the 
British have at Ft, Washington ?— 75. At Ft. Lee ? (65.)— 76. How were the 
two forts situated ? (Map, p. 26.) — 77. What can you say of a retreat and 
pursuit through New Jersey ? (65.) — 78. When did the battle of Trenton 
take place? — 79. How is Trenton situated? (Map, p. 66.) — 80. Give an ac- 
count of the battle. (65.) — 81. What movements did Washington make 
before the close of the year ? — 82. What occurred on the 2d of Janu- 
ary, 1777? (66.) — 83. What movement did Washington make dur- 
ing the night ? — 84. How is Princeton situated ? — 85. When did the 
battle take place there ?— 86. Give an account of it. — 87. What can you 
state of Gen. Mercer?— 88, Of efforts to get aid from France.— 89. Of 
Lafayette's generosity ?(67.)— 90. Of three expeditions i;nder Tryon ? (67, 
70.)— 91. Of Meigs's expedition? (67.)— 92. Of Barton's ?— 93. How was 
the battle of Brandywine brought about ? (67, 68.)— 94. Give an account 
of it. (68.)— 95. Of events subsequent to the taking of Philadelphia. — 96. 
Of the Iwittle of Germantown. — 97. Of operations at forts Mifflin and Mer- 
cer. (68, 69.) — 98. Wliat army of invasion did Burgoyne command ? (69.) 
— 99. What two places on Lake Champlain did he capture ? (69, 70.) — 100. 
Give an account of the buttle of Hubbardton. — 101. Of Burgoyne's march 
to Fort Edward.— 102. Of St. Leger's expedition. (70, 71.)— 103. Of the 
two battles of Bennington. (71..) — 104. By whom was Schuyler superseded 
in the command? — 105. Give an account of the battle of Bemis Heights. 
—106. Of the battle of Saratoga. (72.)— 107. Of Burgoyne's surrender.— 
108. Of its effects in England and France. (72, 73.)— 109. Of the battle of 
Monmouth. (73.)— 110.— Of Lee's conduct and trial. (73, 74.) — 111. Of 
D'Estaing''s movements near Khode Lsland (74.) — 112. Of Sullivan's 



88 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

'raovements. — 113. Of Gre)''s expedition. (74, 73.) — 114. Of the "Massacre 
of Wyoming." (75.)— 115. Of the loss of Savannah.— 116. Loss of Snn- 
bury.— 117. Battle of Kettle Creek. (75, 76.)— 118. Brier Creek. (76.)— 119. 
Stono Ferry, — 120. — Repulse at Savannah. — 121. Battle of Stony Point. — 
122. Paulus Hook. (77.)— 123. Chemuncr.— 124. PaulJones's victory.— 125. 
Siege of Charleston. — 126. Battle of Monk's Corner. — 127. Loss of Charles- 
town.— 128. Of Ninety-Six. (77, 78.)— 129. Battle of Waxhaw Creek. (78.) 
—130. Eocky Mount. (79.) — 131. Sanders Creek. —132. Fishing Creek. 
— 133. King's Mountain. — 134. What can you state of Arnold's conduct 
in 1778 ? (80.)— 135. His treason ?— 136. Of his subsequent career ? (82, 83.) 
137. Give an account of Andre. (80.) — 138. Of the revolt of the Pennsyl- 
vania troops. (81.)— 139.— Of the battle of the Cowpens.— 140. Of the re- 
treat of Morgan and Greene. (81, 82.)— 141. Battle of Guilford Court 
House. (82.)— 142. Hobkirk's Hill.— 143. Eutaw Springs.— 144. Wliy did 
Cornwallis take post at Yorktown2(83.) — 145. How did Washington pro- 
ceed ? — 146. Give an account of the siege of Yorktown. (83, 84.) — 147. Of 
Cornwallia's surrender. (84.) — 148. What steps were taken to establish 
peace ?— 149. What caused discontent in the army ?— 150. How was it allayed ? 
(84, 85.) — 151. When did Washington resign his commission as conniiand- 
er-in-chief ? (85.)— 152. How long had the Articles of Confederation been 
in existence ? — 153. In what respect were they defective ? — 154. Give an 
account of Shays's Rebellion. — 155. What causes led to the adoption of 
the Constitution of the United States ? — 156. Name in order the three im- 
portant battles of 1775. (89.)— 157. The five of 1776.— 158. The fourteen 
of 1777.— 159. The four of 1778.— 160. The nine of 1779.— 161. The nine of 
1780.— 162. The six of 1781.-163. Name the battles in which Washington 
commanded.— 164. Gates.— 165. Greene.— 166. Wayne.— 167. Sullivan. — 
168. Lincoln.— 169. Sumter.— 170. Gen. Howe.— 171. Burgoyne.— 172. Sir 
Henry Clinton. — 173. Cornwallis. — 174. Name the battles of the Revolu- 
tion that took place in New Jersey. — 175. In Massachusetts. — 176. In New 
York.— 177. In North Carolina.— 178. In South Carolina.— 179. In Penn- 
sylvania.— ISO. What officer fell at the battle of Bunker Hill? (60.)— 181. 
At the battle of Trenton ? (65.)— 182. At the battle of Princeton? (6'6.)— 
183. What officer was wounded at the battle of Brandywine? (68.)— 184. 
At the battle of Saratoga? (72.)— 185. What officer fell at the battle of 
Kettle Creek ? (76.)— 186. At the battle of Sanders Creek ? (79.)— 187. At 
the battle of King's Mountain ?— 188. At the battle of Fort Griswold. (83, ) 
—189. Where was Andre executed? Ans. At a place on the west side of 
the Hudson, opposite Tarrytowu. 



THE AMERICAN KEVOLUTION. 



89 



PEINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE REVOLUTION. 

• The asterisk indicates the successful' party, t Doubtful. 



1775. 

Ai)iii 19, 
June 17, 
Dec. 81, 

1776. 
June 28, 
Aug. 27, 
Oct 2S, 
Nov. 16, 
Dee. 26, 

1777. 
Jan. 3, 
July 7, 
Ana;. 6, 
Au£. 16, 
Sept. 11, 
Sept. 19, 
Sept 20, 
Ojt. 4, 

Oct. 6, -j 

Oct. T, 
Oct. 22, -j 

Nov. 16, 

177S. 
June 28, 
July 3, 
An-?. 29, 
Dec. 29, 

1779. 
Feb. 14, 
March 3, 
June 20, 
July 15, 
An- 13, 
July 19, 
Aug. 29, 
Sept. 23, 
Oct. 9, 

17S0. 
April 14, 
Mav 12, 
May 2^, 
June 23, 
July 30, 
Aug. 6, 
Aug. 16, 
Aug. 18, 
Oct. 7, 

17S1. 
Jan. 17, 
March 15, 
April 25, 
Sejjt. 6, 
Sept. 8, 
Out. 19, 



Tjexin<jton.. . 
Bunker -liill 
Quebec 



Fort Moultrie 

Long L^laiid 

"Whfte Plains 

Fort Washington. 
Trenton 



Princeton 

Hubbanlttm 

Ori>kanyt 

Bennington 

Brandy>vine 

■Bemis Heights 

Paoii 

Gerinsmtown 

Fort Clinton 

Fort Montgomery. 

Saratoga 

Fort Mercer. 

Fort Mifflin 

Fort Mifflin 



Monmouth ... 

Wyoinins 

Rllode Island. 
Savannah 



Kettle Cre.di.... 

Brier Creek 

Stono Feny 

Stony Point .... 

Penobscot 

Pan Ins Hook ... 

C'heumng 

Flatiiboro' Head 
Savannah 



Monk's Corner. .. 

Charleston . . 

Waxhaw 

Springfield 

Rocky Mount 

Hanging Uock... 
San fers" Creek ... 
Fishing Creek ... 
King's Mountain. 



Cowpens 

Guilford C. H.... 
H,d;kirk's Hill.., 
Fort Griswold... 
Eutuw Springst.. 
Yorktown 



COMMANDEKS. 



Parker 

I'rescott .. 
Monig(uiu 



Moultrie* .. 

Putnam 

MeDougall . 

Magaw 

Wa'shington* 



Washington*., 

Warner , 

Herkimer ., 

Stark* 

Wasiiington.., 

Gates* r 

Wayne , 

Wasliington... 
Jas, Clinton. ( 
Gov. Clinton ) 

Giites* 

Col. Greene*. 
Col. Smith* . 
Ma,jor Thayer 



Wasliiniiton* 
Col. Z. Butler 
Sullivan* .... 
Robert Hon-e 



Pirkens* . 

A>-he 

Lincoln .. 
Wayne*.. 
Lovell.... 
Major Lee* 
Sullivan* . 
Paul Jones 
Lincoln .. 



Hu-er... 
Lincoln . 
Buford . . 
Greene* . 
Sumter . 
Sumter*. 
Gates . . . 
Sumter. . 
Campljeli 



Briti.<h. 



Smith*-., 
Gen. llo' 

Carleton^ 



Parker 

Gen. IIo\ve=' 

Leslie* 

Gen. Howe-^ 
Eahl 



Mawhood . . 
Fraser* .... 
St. Leger... 

Banm 

Gen. Howe* 
Burgoyne .. 

Grey* 

Gen. Howe* 

Sir H. Clinton* 

Burgoyiie 
Doiiop ... 
Gen. How 
Gen. How 



Clinton 

Joini Butler' 

Pigot 

Cami>bell* .. 



MEN EN6AOED. 



Am'ncu I British. 



.."ido 
90(1 



400 

10,000 

l,6ii0 

3.000 

2.400 



3,000 

700 
1,000 
2,000 

11.000 
2,500 
1,500 

ll,t;00 

600 

8,000 
450 
400 

400 



12,000 

400 

5,000 

900 



Boyd 

Prevo.st'.. 
Mai tl and". 
Johnson .. 
McLean-^^ . 
Sutlierhin(' 

Brant 

Pearson . . 
Prevost*. . 



300 
1,200 

SOO 
1,200 

900 

350 

4,000 

squadr'n 

4,500 



Tarleton* 

Clinton* 

Tarleton* 

Knvphausen. 
Tui-nbull* . . . 

Brown 

Oornwallis*., 

Tarleton* 

Ferguson 



MorfT^n* I Tarleton . . . 

Greene j Coriiwallis' 

Greene . . . l Rawdon* . . 

Ledyard i Eyre* 

Greene Stuart 

Washiu^ion*. .. Cornwallis, 



300 

8,700 

400 

8,000 

600 

600 

3,000 

700 

900 



900 
4,400 
1,200 

150 

2,000 
16,000 



1,700 
3,000 
1,200 



4,000 
20,000 
2,000 
5,000 
1,000 



1,800 
1,200 
],500 
1,200 

18,000 
3,000 
8,000 

15,000 

3,000 

4,500 
2,000 

Mi.\ed. 

Mi.xed. 

11,000 
1,100 
5,000 
2.000 



700 
l.SilO 
1,200 

600 
3,000 

2.^,0 

1.500 

2 ve.'^seia 

2,900 



COO 
9,00(] 

70C 
5,0n0 

50G 

500 
2.200 

35C 
1,10(. 



1,100 

2,40C 

90^ 

SO 
2,SC 
7,50 



90 



Washington's administration. 







Slasca ftiicf Koclilsln nd 

Bm-Tiiigtoi 
Mcitilsoit'^ / 

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•ffOTAN'APOLIS'Cl-l 



21, \P-'"Ticy /Si-N Blooniuitjtcm. j rLaTayettc^Gn'-eeiivn 
Itiun'iljaL / S?\ -/^ / y 'J Xli I 



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ilia.-V^'l /^ ^ CcaiiijtWyv OT^ro ji5f ^^^^V* 






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^.\T.laj:lTsyiJJe. Bar-Ssvillx; 

^4r\aMasUA'°-^t2lo<-« ^ \ ,7 . .A^"*^4r J)aT^j,ega-^ yi^\ '<k Q 





■irkaiJa"?! Pon toloc • \ ;/ 



Washington's administration. 91 



SECTION V . 

FROM THE BEGINNING OF WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRA- 
TION, IN 1789, TO THE CLOSE OF MADISON'S, IN 1817. 

When did the government under the Constitution commence ? 

Wasliington, who Lad been unanimously elected the first 
President of the United States, appeared before Congress at 
New York, then the capital, and, on the 30th of April, 1789, 
was inaugurated. John Adams was the first Vice-President. 

Of ichom did Washington's cabinet consist f 

Congress having decided in favor of three executive depart- 
ments, Washington selected for his cabinet Thomas Jeflerson, 
secretary of state, Alexander Hamilton, of the treasury, and 
Henry Knox, of war. 

What changes followed the estdblishment of the new government? 

Hamilton, by his judicious management, placed the finances 
of the government in a good condition, commerce revived, and 
the country prospered. 

What war broke out during Washington's administration f 

In the summer of 1790 an Indian war was commenced by 
the tribes north of the Ohio. Two expeditions, the first under 
Gen. Harmar, and the other under Gen. St. Clair, were de- 
feated by them, when finally Gen. Wayne was sent. 

Give an account of Wayne's success. 

Wayne was successful. In August, 1*794, he defeated the 
Indians at the Maumee, then laid waste their country, and 
finally compelled them to sue for peace. 

What was tJie result of the second Presidential election? 

AVashington, whose first term of ofiice expired on the 4th 
of March, 1793, was unanimously re-elected: Adams was also 
ro-cbosen to the vice-presidency. 



92 ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION. 

How were trouUcs icitli France produced f 

When France, during her great revolution, declared war 
against England, a large part of the people here were in favor 
of helping their old ally of the Revolution. 

What imprudence was committed by the French minister? 

M. Genet (zhe-nd'), the French minister in the United States, 
presuming upon the feeling in favor of his country, began to 
rit out privateers in American ports to cruise against British 
vessels. Washington at length demanded his recall, and an- 
other minister was sent in his place. 

What account can you give of the Wliisky Insurrection ? 

The law of 1791, imposing a duty on domestic liquors, met 
with considerable opposition, especially in the western part of 
Pennsylvania, where, in 1794, the resistance grew to an open 
rebellion, known as the Whisky Insurrection. Upon the ap- 
proach of a force ^e-nt by Washington, the insurgents yielded. 

What can you state of " Jay's Treaty f" 

It w^as not long after the making of the treaty of 1783, be- 
fore the American and British governments began to accuse 
each other of violating its stipulations. To avert a war which 
seemed inevitable, John Jay was sent as a special envoy to 
England, where, in 1794, a treaty was made. 

What states were admitted daring this administration ? (See p. 132.) 

Who succeeded Washington as president? 

Washington having declined a nomination for a third term, 
John Adams was elected to succeed him, and the new presi- 
dent was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1797. 

What were the principal events of John Adams's administration ? 

During the administration of John Adams, difficulties with 
France of a warlike character took place ; the death of Wash- 
ington, at Mount Vernon, on the 14th of December, 1799, 
occurred ; and the seat of government, which had been at 



93 



Philadelphia ten years, was removed in the summer of 1800 to 
its present location. 

Who became the third president of the United States? 

Thomas Jefferson, the successor of John Adams to the 
presidency, was ina-jgurated on the 4th of March, 1801 ; and, 
like Washington, served two terms. • 

What state and territorial additions were made in 1802 and 1803? 

Ohio was admitted into the Union in 1802 ; and Louisiana 
was purchased of France, in 1803, for fifteen millions of dol- 
lars. By the purchase thus made, the free navigation of the 
Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico was secured. 

What can you say of an expedition to the Mediterranean in 1803 ? 

In 1803, Commodore Preble [preb'-el) was sent against the 
pirates of the Barbary States, who were constantly on the 
alert to commit depredations upon the commerce of the 
United States. 

W7iat misfortune befell a vessel belonging to PreUe's squadron ? 

The frigate Philadelphia, one of Preble's vessels, while 
reconnoitering in the harbor of Tripoli, struck on a rock, and 
was captured. Her crew were made slaves. 

Give the subsequent history of the Philadelphia? 

On the night of the 15th of February, 1804, Lieut. Decatur 
(<h-ka'-t2ir), in a small vessel, with about eighty companions, 
entered the harbor. He boarded the Philadelphia, killed or 
drove into the sea every one of the Tripolitan crew, and, after 
setting the frigate on fire, escaped without losing a man. 

What expedition by land proved successful? 

Mr. Eaton, an agent of the United States, concerted an ex- 
pedition with Hamet, the exiled though rightful heir to the 
throne of Tripoli. He marched from Egypt across the desert, 
and captured Derne ; but, in the midst of his successes, a 



94 Madison's administration. 

treaty of peace was concluded between the bashaw and Mr. 
Lear, American Consul-General. 

WJiut duel tooh place in 1804 ? 

In July, 1804, the duel between Alexander Hamilton and 
Aaron Burr occurred. This sad affair, which resulted in the 
death of Hamilton, grew out of a political quarrel between 
the two men. 

What grand scheme was Burr afterward engaged in ? 

In 1806, Burr undertook to found an empire west of the 
Alleghauies. lie was tried on a charge of treason, but ac- 
quitted. 

What injury was brought upon the commerce of the United States? 

England and France, being at war, great numbers of Ameri- 
can vessels were seized by the cruizers of the belligerent 
powers, under " decrees" and " orders" issued by them ; but 
the crowning grievance was the so-called "right of search." 

What was tJie " right of search f" 

This was a claim set up by Great Britain, under which 
American vessels were boarded, aud all sailors of English birth 
foimd therein were impressed as subjects of the king. 

In what notable case did the British enforce their claim f 

In June, 1807, the frigate Chesapeake was fired into by the 
British frigate Leopard. The American vessel being unpre- 
pared for action, struck her colors, after having twenty-one of 
her crew killed or wounded. Four alleged deserters were then 
transferred to the Leopard, but three of them, it was afterward 
proved, were native Americans. 

WTien and h/ whom was Jefferson succeeded in office ? 

James Madison, the successor of Jefferson in the presidency, 
was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1809. He, like Wash- 
ino'ton and Jefferson, served two terms, or eight years. 

What naval affair inflamed the war spirit of the Americans? 



SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 95 

In May, 1811, the British sloop-of-war Little Belt, while 
cruising off the coast of Virginia, fned into the American 
frigate President, but found her fire returned with such heavy 
broadsides, that, in a few minutes, thirty-two of her crew were 
killed or wounded. 

What trouUes took place with the western Indians? 

About the year 1804, the Indians on the western frontiers, 
influenced by the appeals of Tecumseh, one of their ablest 
•warriors, began to form a hostile confederacy. At length they 
became troublesome, and Gen. Harrison was sent against them. 

Oive an account of the battle that occmi^ed. 

Harrison approached the Indian town of Tippecanoe, and 
encamped for the night. Early on the following morning, 
November Yth, 1811, the Indians made a furious attack upon 
the camp, but, after a bloody contest, were repulsed. This 
battle ruined their hostile plans. 



SECOl^D WAR WITH EI^GLAIs^D. 

EVENTS OF 1812. 

How did the " War o/1812" Jiave its origin? 

The government of the United States having in vain en- 
deavored to induce the British to abrogate their restrictions so 
injurious to American commerce, and also to cease their im- 
pressment of our seamen, war was declared against that power 
on the 19th of June, 1812. 

What were the first hostile acts ? 

The invasion of Canada by Gen. Hull was the first hostile 
movement on the part of the Americans ; and the capture Oi 
Fort Mackinaw on tlie l7th of July, five days after, the first 
oM the part of the British. 



96 



SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 



Map Questions. 
Fow is Detroit situated? Sandwich? French- 
town ? Fort Maiden ? Brownstown ? Where was 
Fort Stephenson ? Fort Meigs ? 



DETROIT 

.AND 



CHve an account of tlie 
battles of Brow^istoiDii. 

A detachment which 
Hull had sent to con- 
voy a supply train for 
his army, was met near 
Brownstown, on the 
5th of August, and 
utterly defeated. A 
second detachment, 
under Col. Miller, en- 
countered the enemy 
on the 9th, and routed 
them. 

How did Hull act after 
he had invaded Canada ? 
After waiting nearly 
a month at Sandwich, 
Hull fell back to the American side, and took post at Detroit, 
to which place he was soon after follov/ed by Gen. Brock, com- 
manding thirteen hundred British and Indians. 
What disgraceful part did Hull then perform f 
The Americans were confident of victory in the battle which 
pcemed about to take place, yet Hull ordered a white flag to be 
shown, in token of submission. By this act, not only Detroit, 
but the whole territory of Michigan fell into the hands of th 
enemy. 

What second invasion of GanadM took place in the same year? 
In October of 1812 an American army, under Gen. Van 
Rensselaer {van ren'-se-ler), was stationed at Lewiston. On 
the 13th, a detachment of this army crossed the Niagara, and 
carried a battery on the heights of Queenstown. 




SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 



3CCLI£ 



WMt further struggle Map Questions. 

OOk place on the heights? How is Queenstown situated? Lewiston? 
Theenemy,reiliforced York (now Toronto)? Cl.ippewa? Lundy'sLane? 
" ^ Where was Fort Erie ? Fort George ? 

'^y Brock, attempted to 
regain their lost battery, 
but were repulsed, and 
Block was killed. On 
tlie afternoon of the 
same day, the 13th, they 
made a second attempt 
with fresh troops, and 
this time with success. 

Compare the land and 
naval battles of 1812. 

The triumphs of the 
Americans on the ocean 
during 1812 were as de- 
cided as their reverses 
on the land. There 
were five important naval battles, in every one of which the 
Americans were victorious. 

JVame the vessels captured and their captors. 

On the 13th of August, the frigate Essex, Captain Porter, 
captured the Alert; on the 19th, the frigate Constitution, Cap- 
tain Hull, captured the Guerriere [gare-e-dre'), after an action 
of about forty minutes ; and in October, the sloop Wasp, Cap- 
tain Jones, captured the Frolic. 

Name tJie otJier victories. 

On the 2oth of October, the frigate United States, Commo- 
dore Decatur, after an action of nearly two hours, compelled 
the Macedonia to surrender ; and, on the 29th of December, 

6 




98 SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 

the Constitution, Commodore Bainbridge, gained her second 
victory in the capture of the Java (jah'-vah). 

What can you say of the achienements of the privateers? 

Beside these successes, privateers scoured the ocean ; and, 
during the year, more than three hundred meichant vessels 
were also taken. 

EVENTS OF 1813. 

Wliat preparations were made for the campaign of 1813 ? 

Three armies were organized for the campaign of 1813; 
that of the West, commanded by Gen. Harrison; of the 
Centre, by Gen. Dearborn ; and of the North, by Gen. Hampton. 

Give an account of the first battle of the year. 

Gen. Winchester, commanding a detachment of the western 
army, was attacked at Winchester, on the 22d of January, bj 
fifteen hundred British and Indians, under Gen. Proctor. 

What further account of the tattle can you give ? 

Winchester was made a prisoner, and, though in the hands 
of the enemy, agreed upon a capitulation : the Americans 
then surrendered. Proctor failed to protect his captives, and 
many of the wounded Americans were murdered by his In- 
dian allies. 

What measure of defense did Harrison adopt ? 

Harrison, upon hearing of Winchester's defeat, built Fort 
Meigs (megz) ; and, on the 1st of May, Proctor, with two 
thousand British and Indians, advanced against the place and 
commenced a siege. 

Whatfmxe came to the aid of Harrison ? 

Four days after. Gen. Clay arrived with twelve hundred 
Kentuckians, and successfully attacked the besiegers; but a 
large body of his troops, while puisning the enernv, was cap- 
tured. Proctor returned to Fort Maicen {maul -den) May 9th. 



SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 99 

What place did Proctor afterward proceed against ? 

In about tliree months after, Proctor, with twelve hnndred 
regulars and Indians, marched against Fort Stephenson, then 
garrisoned by one hundred and fifty men, under Major Croghan. 

Give an account of the operations at the fort. 

A cannonade was directed against the fort until a breach 
was effected, when the enemy, August 2d, attempted to carry 
the place by assault. 

What was the result ? 

They were met by a volley of mu-ketry and a discharge 
from a six-pound gun, with such terrible effect, that, panic- 
struck, they lied in confusion, leaving one hundred and fifty of 
their number killed or wounded. 

What warlike preparations were made on Lake Erie in 1813 ? 

During the summer, an American and an English squadron 
were fitted out on Lake Erie, the former commanded by Com- 
modore Perry, and the latter by Commodore Barclay. 

Give an account of the battle between them. 

They met on the 10th of September, near the western ex- 
tremity of the lake, when a hard-fought battle of four hours 
took place, resulting in a brilliant victory to the Americans, 
every vessel of the enemy having surrendered. 

How did Perry send information of his victory? 

In dispatching information of his victory to Harrison, Perry 
wrote : "We ha^ye met the enemy, and they are ours." 

RoiD did the good news affect Harrison f 

Harrison, on hearing of the victory, crossed Lake Erie, and 
overtook Proctor and Tecumseh, October 5th, at a place on the 
Thames [teniz). 

Give an account of the battle that followed. 

The Americans charged, breaking the hues of the British, 
and soon compelling them to surrender; but the content w^th 

A.cfC. 



100 



SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 



situated? Fort Moijjan ? Pensncol:! 



STATE OF 

ALABAMA 

JO 30 50 SO 




&2 






Map Questions. the Indians was more 

Where was Fort Minis? How is New Orleans obstinate. At length 

Tecumseh fell, and his 
warriors fled. 

What were tJie Indian 
tronUes at the south ? 

In August, the 
Creeks, a tribe of 
southern Indians, sur- 
prised Fort Minis, and, 
without any provoca- 
tion, massacred nearly 
three hundred men, 
women, and children. 

What punishment was 
inflicted upon the Creeks ? 
Generals Jackson and 
Coffee, having marched 
into Alabama, routed them in several battles; and finally, in 
March, 1814, defeated them with great slaughter at the Horse - 
Shoe Bend of the Tallapoosa. Their subjugation was com- 
plete. 

What, in the mean time, was transpiring at the north ? 
Toward the latter part of April, Gen. Dearborn, the com- 
mander-in-chief of the army, left Sackett's Harbor, crossed 
Lake Ontario, and proceeded to attack York. 
Oim an account of tlie tattle. 

On the 27^1 the troops landed, led by Gen. Pike, and were 
cnrrving every thing before them, when the enemy's magazine 
«;xplode(], mortally wounding Pike, and making sad havoc 
among his men. After a moment's panic they moved on, and 
were soon in possession of the town. 



,'j\ri. 



SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 101 

W7iat c7iange afterward took pla^e in the army commanders'? 

Dearborn made a second expedition, captuiing Fort George, 
when he resigned his command, and was succeeded by Gen. 
Wilkinson. 

What led to an attack on Sackett's Harbor ? 

The absence of Dearborn from Sackett's Harbor tempted 
Gen. Prevost to cross the lake to attack the place ; but he was 
met. May 29th, by a small body of regulars and some militia, 
under Gen. Brown, and repulsed. 

What occurred with a portion of Wilkinson's army f 

In passing down the St. Lawrence, Wilkinson landed a de- 
tachment near Williamsburg to cover the descent of the fleet. 
On the 11th of November an encounter took place with the 
enemy, but the Americans were the greater sufferers. 

What can you say of the conflicts on the ocean during 1813 ? 

Though the American seamen during 1813 were not uni- 
formly successful, their gallantry still continued to be the theme 
of admiration. 

Give an account of the first naval conflict of the year. 

On the 24th of February, the sloop-of-war Hornet, Captain 
Lawrence, encountered the British brig Peacock, and in fifteen 
minutes compelled her to strike her colors. The captured 
vessel sunk almost immediately after. 

How was Lawrence rewarded for his gallantry ? 

On his return to the United States, Lawrence was promoted 
to the command of the frigate Chesapeake, then lying in Bos- 
on harbor. 

Why did Lawrence soon after leave the harlov? 

In the forenoon of June 1st, the British frigate Shannon, 
Captain Broke, appeared off the harbor to meet the Chesa- 
peake, and though the American vessel had imperfect equip- 
ments, and an ill-assorted crew, the challenge was accepted. 



10: 



SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 



Oide an account of the action. 

Toward evening the two vessels met, and a terrific contest 
of fifteen minutes ensued. Lawrence was mortally wounded 
in t[ie early part of the action, but his last injunction as he 
was borne below was, "Don't give up the ship." 

What afterwa.rd occurred ? 

The Chesapeake, after having all her superior officers either 
killed or wounded, was boarded by the enemy, and her flag 
hauled down. 

What other important naval actions took place during the year? 

On the 14Lh of August, the American brig Argus was cap- 
tured in the English Channel by the brig Pelican. Fortune 
next favored the Americans: on the 5th of September the 
British biig Boxer surrendered to the brig Enterprise. 



EVENTS OF 1814, AND CLOSE OF THE WAR. 

What event closed Wilkinsoji's military career ? 

Wilkinson advanced from French Mills, where he had been 

quartered during the winter, and at La Colle was repulsed 

on the 30th of March, 1814. In consequence of this defeat 

he was superseded in the command by 

Gen. Izard. 

What success did the Americans gain early 
in July ? 

On the 3d of July an advance force of 



LtiPrtui-ie 



c 

St Jol\Y>S 



Lci Coll 



=-T?C)UsesP 






Gen. Bi 



's command crossed the Niaaj- 



ara, and took Fort Erie without a struggle. 
Give an account of the tattle of Chippewa. 
The American army pushed forward, 

Gen. Riall. The British were defeated with a loss of five hnii- 
ired men, and compelled to retreat across the Chippewa. 



SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 103 

Oim an account of the tattle of Lundy's Lane. 

On the 25th, the battle of Lundy's Lane, the most obstinate 
of the war, occurred. Scott, who led the advance, bravely 
contended against superior numbers, until the arrival of Brown. 
In the mean time the British were reinforced by Gen. Drum- 
mond, who took the command. 

What heroic deed, during the tattle, was performed ? 

It soon becoming evident that a battery which the enemy 
held on a height, and which swept all parts of the field, must 
be captured or the Americans defeated. Col. Miller was asked 
if he could take it. lie promptly answered, "I'll try, sir." 

What then occurred ? 

He did try, and was successful. Three times the British 
attempted to regain their lost battery, but were repulsed at 
every assault. Finally, at midnight, after a contest of six 
hours, they withdrew, each party losing about eight hundred 
men. 

What movement was then made ty the Americans? 

Brown and Scott being severely wounded. Gen. Ripley con- 
ducted the army to Fort Erie, where Gen. Gaines soon after 
took command. 

What was the next movement of the British ? 

On the 4th of August, Drummond laid siege to Fort Eric ; 
and on the loth, in attempting to carry the place by assault, 
he was repulsed with the loss of more than a thousand men. 

What occurred about a month later? 

On the l7th of September, Brown being then in command 
of the fort, the Americans made a sortie, destroying the works 
of the besiegers, and killing or capturing seven hundred ol 
their number. 

How was the siege brought to a close ? 

Drummond, on being informed that Izard was approach in/:;, 



104: SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 

retired nortbward ; and, in November, the Americans destroyed 
the fort and crossed over to New York. 

Who, after Izard, held the command at Lake Champlain ? 

Izard, when he started for the relief of Fort Erie, left Gen. 
Macomb {ma-koom') in command at Plattsburg with only a 
f3w hundred men. 

What forces threatened the army and fleet at Plattsinirgf 

In September, Sir George Prevost, at the head of fourteen 
thousand men, marched against Macomb, and, at the same 
time, the British fleet on Lake Champlain, commanded by 
Commodore Downie {down'-e)^ sailed to attack the American 
fleet under Commodore MacDonough [mac-don' -o). 

What account can you give of the two tattles that followed? 

The battle of Plattsburg and of Lake Cham|)lain took place 
on the 11th of September. While the British, from their bat- 
teries, commenced the one on the land, their fleet engaged 
MacDonough's vessels which were at anchor in the bay of 
Plattsburg. 

Oive a further account of the battles. 

In two hours and a quarter MacDonough gained a complete 
victory ; the fire from the land batteries then slackened, and, 
at nightfall, Prevost made a hasty retreat, having lost in kill-ed, 
wounded, and desertions, about twenty-five hundred men. 

What operations in the mean time had begun at the south ? 

In the mean time. Gen. Ross had sailed into Chesapeake 
Bay and up the Patuxent, with the design of marching against 
he national capital. 

What can you state of his progress ? 

He reached Washington on the 24th of August, having 
met with but slight resistance at Bladensburg. After burning 
the capitol, president's house, and other buildings, he made a 
hasty retreat to the shipping. 



SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 



105 



Where, at the same time, icas an- 
other part of the BHtish busy? 

A division of the enemy's 
fleet, at the same time, ascended 
the Potomac to Alexandria, the 
inhabitants of which town, to 
save it from bombardment, sur- 
rendered their merchandise and 
shipping. 

What further can you state of 
Ross's expedition ? 

Ross next proceeded against 
I3altimore. On the 12th of 
September he landed his troops 
at North Point, fom'teen miles 
from the city, while a fleet sailed 
up the Patapsco to bombard 
Fort McHenry. 

What success did they meet with ? 

On his march Ross was killed ^^p Q'^estions. 

1- • 1 /-.^.i t> L^ ^\ How is Washington situated ? Ak-.\- 

m a skirmish (12th Ol bept.) ; andria? Baltimore? Bladensbarg? 

and the proo-ress of the troops ^^''t McHenry? North Point? Into 
^ ^ ^ -svliat water does the Patapsco Eiver 

was then disputed, for more flow? ThoPatuxent? 
than an hour, by a body of militia under Gen. Strieker. On 
the following day the enemy encamped near the defences of 
the city, to await the movements of the fleet. 

WMt movements did the fleet make ? 

The bombardment of Fort McHenry commenced on the 
morning of the 13th, and continued till near the following 
morning, but without making any impression. Gen. Brooke, 
Ross's successor, seeing no prospect of success, embarked his 
troops, and the whole force of the enemy withdrew. 




106 



SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 




What cause of complaint teas given hy certain Spanish officials ? 

During the summQr an expedition against Fort Bowycr 
{ho'-yer)^ now Fort Morgan, was fitted out at Pensacola, 
Florida, by the British, Florida, at the 
time, being a Spanish possession. 

What counter measures were consequently 
adopted ? 

Although the expedition proved unsuc- 
cei5sful,Gen. Jackson marched against Pen- 
sacola, and compelled the British to leave. 

MOBiLK AND VICINITY. What dangcrs threatened the Americans 

in another quarter f 

Toward the middle of December, a British squadron entered 
Lake l^orgne (horn), carrying twelve thousand troops, com- 
manded by Sir P^dward Pakenham, the object of the expedition 
being to capture New Orleans. 

WJiat were the first events of the expedition? 

On the 14th a flotilla of American gunboats was compelled 
to surrender, and, on the 23d, Jackson made a spirited though 
ineffectual attack upon an encampment of the enemy's van- 
guard ; but, on the 28th, and again on the first day of the 
new year, the British were unsuccessful in cannonading the 
intrenchments wliich Jackson had thrown up four miles from 
the city. 

Give an account of the battle of New Orleans. 

On the 8th of January, 1815, the British made a general 
advance against the American intrenchments; but volley after 
volley was poured upon them with such terrible effect, that 
they were compelled to flee. I akenham was slain, and two 
thousand of his men were killed, wounded, or taken prisoners. 
The Americans lost only seven killed and six wounded.. 

What can you state of the naval events of 1814 ? 



SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. lOY 

Altliough during 1814 the Americans were generally vic- 
torious on the ocean, yet the frigate Essex, Captain Porter, 
alter a successful cruise, was attacked in the harbor of Valpa- 
raiso, March 28, by two British vessels, and forced to surrender. 
The conflict was one of the most desperate of the war. 

WTien did hostilities between England and the United States cease ? 

In February, 1815, the joyful tidings reached the United 
States that a treaty of peace had been signed at Ghent on the 
24th of December, 1814. 

In what respect was the treaty incomplete ? 

The two great points of dispute — the encroachments upon 
American commerce and the impressment of American sea- 
men — weie left untouched by the treaty. 

What rendered the omission of no consequence? 

This was not important, inasmuch as, by the termination of 
the European war, all encroachments upon American commerce 
ceased ; and, by the great success of tlie American navy, the 
impressment question was effectually disposed of. 

Upon what expedition was Decatur soon after sent ? 

The war with England being ended, Decatur was sent against 
the Algerines, who had resumed their old practice of seizing 
American vessels and enslaving the crews thereof. 

What success did Decatur meet with ? 

In June, 1815, he captured two frigates; and, in the same 
year, he made satisfactory treaties with Algiers, Tunis (too'-nis), 
and Tripoli. 



108 



SECOND WAE WITH ENGLAND. 



PEINCIPAL NAYAL BATTLES OF THE SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND 

• The asterisk indicates the Euccessful party. 



1812. 
Aug. 13, 

Aug. 19, 

Oct. 18, 

Oct 25, 

Dec. 29, 

1S13. 
Feb. 24, 

June 1, 

Aug. 14, 

Sept. 5, 

Sept. 10, 
1814. 

March 28, 

April 29, 
June 28, 
Sept. 1, 
Sept. 11, 

Dec. 14, 

1815. 
Jan. 15, 

Feb. 20, 

March 23, 



WUKRE FOtJGllT. 



Off Newfoundland j 

Off Massachusetts < 

Off N'orth Carolina.... | 
Near Canary Islands . . -| 
Off San Salvador -j 



Off Demarara < 

Massachusetts Bay -j 

British Channel | 

Off coast of Maine \ 



Lake Eri 



Harbor of Valparaiso 

Off coast of Florida.. 
Near British Channel. 



^■1 



Near Africa 

Lake Chainplain 
Lake Borgne 



Am. Frig. Essex 

Br. Sloop Alert 

Am. Frig. Constitution.. 

Br. Frig. Guerriere 

Am. Sloop Wasp 

Br. Brig Frolic 

Am. Frig. United States. 

Br. Frig. Macedonian 

Am. Frig. Constitution . . 
Br. Frigr Java 



Am. Sloop Hornet 

Br. Brig Peacock 

Am. Frig. Chesapeake. 

Br. Frig. Shannon 

Am. Brig Arirus 

Br. Sloop Pelican . 

Am. Brig Enterprise. . . 

Br. Brig Boxer 

Am. 9 Vessels, 54 guns. 
Br. 6 vessels, 63 guns.. 



Am. Friff. Essex 

Br. Brig^Plioei.e 

Br. Sloop Cherub 

Am. Sloop Peacock 

Br. Brig Eper vier 

Am. Sloop Wasp 

Br. Sloop Reindeer 

Am. Sloop Wasp. 

Br. Sloop Avon 

Am. 14 vessels, 86 guns. 
Br. 17 vessels, 95 guns.. 

Am. 5 gunboats ^ 

Br. 40 bartres 



/-.ff xr„.„ T„.o,„ i ' Am. Fri2. President... 
Off New Jersey ^ | ^^ (Squadron) 

\ j Am.Frig. Cotisiitution 
Off Island of Madeira. 



Off Brazil 



Br. Ship Cyane ... 
Br. Ship Levant... 
Am. Sloop Hornet 
Br. Brig Penguin . 



COMilANDERS. 



Porter.* 

Laugiiarne. 

Hulk* 

Dacres. 

Jones.* 

Whinyates. 

Decatur.* 

Garden. 

Bainbridge.^ 

Lambert. 



Lawrence.* 

Peake. 

Lawrence. 

Broke.* 

Allen. 

Maples.* 

Burrows.* 

Blyth. 

Pwrry.* 

Barclay. 



Porter. 

Hillyar.* 

Tucker. 

Warrmgton.* 

Wales. 

Blakely.* 

Manners. 

Blakely.* 

Arbutiinot. 

McDonough.' 

Downie. 

Jones. 

Lockyer.* 



Decatur. 
Hayes.* 

Stewart.* 

Falcon. 

Douglass. 

Biddle.* 

Dickenson. 



SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 



109 



riilNCIPAL LAND BATTLES OF THE SECOND WAE WITH ENGLAND. 

♦ The asterisk indicates the successful party. 



DATtS. 


BATTLES. 


COMMANDKKS. 


MEN ENGAGED. 


American. 


British. 


Am'ricn 


British. 


1S12. 
Aug. 5, 

Aug. 9, -j 

Oct. 13, 

lSi3. 
Jan. 22, 
Aj.ril 27, 
Mav 5, 
Ma> 29, 
Aug. 2, 
Oct. 5, 
Nov. 11, 

1^14 
March 30, 
July 5, 
July 25, 
Aug. 15, 
Aug. 24, 
Sept. 11, 
Sept. 12, 
Sept. 13, 
Sei.t 15, 
Sept. 17., 
Dec. 23, 

1815. 
Jan. 8, 


Brownstown 

Maguaga, or 2d ol 

Brownstown 

Queenstown 


Van Horn .... 

i Miller* 

Van Rensselaer 


Tecumseh* 

Tecumseh 

Brock* 


200 

600 

1,200 


600 

900 

2,500 


Frenchtowu 

York 


Win<.-hesler... 

Pike* 

Clay* 

Brown* 

Croghan* 

Harrison* 

Boyd 


Proctor* 

Sheaflfe 

Proctor 

Prevost 

Proctor 

Proctor 

Morrison 


800 
1.700 
1,200 
1,0U0 

150 
2,500 
1.200 


1,500 
1.500 
2,000 
1,000 
1,300 
2,000 
2,000 


Fort Meigs 

Sackett's Harbor... 
Fort Stephenson... . 


Chrysler s Field 




LaColieMill 


Wilkinson.... 

Brown* 

Brown* 

Gaines* 

Winder 

Macomb* 

Strieker 

Arinistead* . . . 
Lawrence* . . . 

Brown* 

Jackstjn 


Hancock* 

Kiall 

Drummond. .. 
Drummond... 

Boss* 

Prevost 

Brooke* 

Cochrane 

NichoUs 

Drummond... 
Keane 


4.000 
1,9U0 
3,500 
2,500 
3,500 
3,000 
2,000 
1,000 
120 
2,500 
2,000 


2,000 
2.100 
5,000 
5,000 
6,000 
14,000 
5,000 

16 ships. 

Mixed. 
3.500 
2,500 


Lumiy's Lane 

Fort Erie (assault). 
Bladensburg 


North Point 

Fort McHenry 

Fort Bowyer 

Fort Erie (sortie) .. 
9 miles from N. O... 


New Orleans Jackson* 


Pakenbam.... 


6,000 


12,000 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

1. When was Washington inaugurated president ? (91.) — 2. Where did 
the ceremony take place? — 3. Who was vice-president under Washington? 
— 4. What took place in 1790? — 5. Give an account of the three expe- 
ditions against the Indians. — 6. Give an account of the troubles with 
France. (92.)— 7. Of the Whisky Insurrection.— 8. Of "Jay's Treaty."— 
9. When was John Adams inaugurated president ? — 10. When did tlie 
death of Washington occur? — 11. When did the city of Washington be- 
come the national capital ? (92, 93.) —12. How long had Philadelphia been 
the capital? — 13. When was Jefferson inaugurated president? (93.)— 14. 
Wiien was Ohio admitted into the Union ? — 15. How was Louisiana ac- 
quired by the United States ?— 16. Of what advantage was the acquisition 
of the Louisiana territory ? — 17. Upon what expedition was Treble scut ? 



110 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

— IS. Give an account of the loss and destrnction of tlie frigate Philadel- 
pliia. — 19. Of Eaton's success. (93, 94.) — 20. What sad affair took place in 
]bd4?(94.) — 21. What further can you state of Burr? — 22. What oi 
"orders" and "decrees" of England and France? — 23. What of tlie 
" right of search ?" — 24. Give an account of the affair of the Chesapeake. 
— 25. When was Madison inaugurated president? — 26. Give an account of 
the affair between the Little Belt and President. (95.) — 27. What can you 
ptate of an Indian confederacy? — 28. Give an account of the battle of 
Tippecanoe. — 29. Who was president when the " War of 1812" com- 
menced? ^715. James Madison. — 30. What were the causes of that war ? 
(95.)— 31. When was war declared?— 82. What hostile act did Gen. Hull 
commit? — 33. What took place five days after? — 34. What took place near 
Brownstown ? (96.)— 35. What disaster befell Hull's army ?— 36, When did 
Hull surrender ? Ans. August 16, 1812. — 37. What sentence was passed 
upon Hull ? Ans. A court martial pronounced him guilty of cowardice, 
and sentenced him to be shot; but he was pardoned by President Madison. 
— 38. Give an account of the battle of Queenstown. (96, 97.)-— 39. Of the 
actioii between the Essex and the Aleit. (97.) — 40. Wasp and Frolic. (97, 
108.) — 41. United States and Macedonian. — 42. Constitution and Java. (97, 
98, 108.)— 43. Give an account of the battle of Winchester. (98.j— 44. Of 
the siege of Fort Meigs, — 45. Of Clay's operations. — 46. Of Proctor's 
operations at Fort Stephenson. (99,)— 47. Of the battle of Lake Erie.— 48. 
Of the battle of the Thames. (99, 100.)— 49. Massacre at Fort Minis. (100.) 
50. Give a further account of the Creek War. — 51. Give an account of the 
battle of York,— 52, What did Dearborn accomplish ? (101.)— 53, Give an 
account of the battle of Sackett's Harbor. — 54. What battle took place on 
the 11th of November, 1813? Ans. Chrysler's Field. — 55. Give an ac- 
count of it. (101.) — 56, Of the action between the Hornet and Peacock. 
(101, 108.)— 57. Chesapeake and Shannon. (101, 102.)— 58. Argus and Peli- 
can. (102, 108.)— 59. Boxer and Enterprise.— 60. Battle of La Colle. (102.) 
—61, Capture of Fort Erie.— 62. Battle of Chippewa. (102, 109.) — 63. 
What battle soon followed ? (103)— 64, Give a full account of it.— 65. Of 
Drummond's operations. — 66, Of the sortie from Fort Erie. — 67, How did 
operations at Fort Erie cease? (103, 104.)--68. At Avhat place was Macomb 
left in command ? (104.) — 69. What movement did Prevost make? — 70, 
What, Commodore Downie? — 71. Give a full account of the two battles 
that followed. — 72, What movement did Ross make? — 73. What destruc- 
tion did Eoss effect? — 74. What took place at Alexandria? (105,) — 75. 
What movement did Ross then make? — 76, What was Ross's fate ? — 77. 
Give an account of the battle that followed. — 78. How did the fleet sue- 
eeed ? — 79. What followed ? — 80. Give an account of the attempt against- 



REVIEW QLTESTIONS. Ill 

Fort Bowyer. (106.)— 81. What was done by Gen. Jackson? — 82. What 
expedition proceeded against New Orleans ? — S3. What look place before 
tlie 8th of January, 1815? — 84. Give an account of what took place then. 
— 85. What can you say of the cruise and capture of the Essex? (107.) — 
85, When and where was a treaty of peace signed ? — 87. What were the 
defects of the treaty? — 88. Why were tlie defects unimportant? — 89. 
What did Decatur accomplish in the Mediterranean? — t'O. Name tlie 
land battles of 1812. (109.) — 91. Of 1813. — 92. Of 1814.— 93. Of 1815. 
94. In which battles of the war were the Americans successful ? — 95. In 
which were the British successful ? — 9f5. Which of the battles took place 
in Canada? — 97. Which in the United States? — 98. Name the naval 
battles of 1812, giving the dates, names of commanders, with vessels, &c. 
(108.)— 99. Same of 1813.— 100. Same of 1814.— 101. Same of 1815.-102. 
Wliat officer was killed at the battle of York ? (100.)— 103. At the battle of 
New Orleans ? (106.)— 104, At the battle of Queenstown ? 



GENERAL REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

1. Name in order the principal events from 1492 to 1607. (p. 148.) — 2. 
The events from 1607 to 163S.— 3. From 1638 to 16S9.— 4. From 1(1.^9 to 
1732.-5. From 1732 to 1754.-6. From 1754 to 1763.-7. From 1763 to 
1775. (148, 149.)— 8. Of 1775. (129.) — 9. Of 1776. — 10. Of 1777. —11. Of 
1778.-12. Of 1779.— 13. Of 1780.— 14. Of 1781.- 15. Of 1782. (149, 150.) 
16. From 1783 to 1801. (150.)— 17. From 1801 to 1812.— 18. Of 1812.-19. 
Of 1813.-20. Of 1814.-21. From 1815 to 1829. (151.)— 22. From 1S29 to 
1846.— 23. Of 1846.— 24. Of 1847.-25. From 1848 to 1860.-26. From 
1860 to 1861.-27. Of 1861.— 28. What account can you give of George 
Washington ? (54, 47, 48, 60, 61, 64, 65, 66, 68, 73, 83, 84, 85, 91, 92.)— 29. 
Of Lafayette? (67, 68, 82, S3, 113.)— 30. Of Arnold ? (58, 60, 61, 71, 72, 80, 
82, 83.)-31. Of Gates? (71, 72, 89, 79, 81.)— 32. Of Greene ? (81, 82, 89.) 
—33. Of Sullivan ? (74, 77, 89.)— 34. Of Wayne? (68, 76, 89, 91.)— 35. What 
important events occurred in the city of New York? (34, 35, 55, 64, 85, 
91.)— 36. Philadelphia ? (39, 57, 60, 65, 68, 73, 92, 93.)— 37. Boston ? (24, 30, 
56,57, 61.)— 38. Charleston? (41, 57, 62, 63, 77.)— 39. Savannah ? (42, 75, 
76.) — 40. Name the presidents in tlie order of their succession. (153.) — 41. 
Name the presidents that served eight years. — 42. Name those that served 
four years. — 43. Name those that served a less time. — 44. Name the States, 
conimencing with Vermont, in the order of admission. — 45 Name the 
tliirteen original States in the order of their settlement. 



112 



SECTION VI. 

FROM THE BEGINNING OF MONEOE'S ADMINISTRATION. 
IN 1817, TO THE CLOSE OF PIERCE'S, IN 1857. 

WTien, and ly whom, was Madison succeeded in office f 

James Monroe, Madison's successor in the presidency, was 
inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1817 ; and, like three of 
his predecessors, he served two terms, or eight years. 

What troubles broke out during Monroe's first year in office? 

Toward the close of 1817, the Seminoles of Florida, joined 
by other Indians, commenced depredations on the frontier 
settlements of Georgia and Alabama. At first Gen. Gaines, 
and, afterward. Gen. Jackson, was sent against them. 

What did Jackson accomplish ? 

Being convinced that the Indians had been instigated to 
hostilities by persons in Florida, Jackson marched into that 
province, though, at the time, it belonged to Spain, and, among 
other acts, hung two men, both of whom were subjects of 
Great Britain. 

How and when did Florida become United States territory? 

In 1819, Florida was ceded to the United States ; but it was 
not till July, 1821, that Spain surrendered possession of the 
territory. 

What new States were made lohile Monroe was president ? 

Five States were admitted to the Union during Monroe's 
administration; Mississippi, in 1817; Illinois, in 1818; Ala- 
bama, in 1819; Maine, in 1820; and Missouri, in 1821. 

State the circumstances attending the admission of Missouri ? 

The admission of Missouri was preceded by violent debates 
i.i Congress and throughout the country, on the question 
whether slavery should exist in the new State. At length 



11.3 



Congress passed the bill known as the "Missouri Compromise 
of 1820," and the agitation thereupon subsided. 

What can you state of the visit of a distinguislied person? 

In the summer of 1824, Lafayette arrived on a visit to this 
country ; and his tour through the States was everywhere sig- 
nalized by tokens of respect from a grateful people. 

What can you state of Mom^oe's successor in office ? 

John Quincy Adams, Monroe's successor in the presidency, 
was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1825. His administra- 
tion of four years was one of wisdom and peace. 

By whom was John Qalncy Adams succeeded in office f 

He was succeeded by Andrew Jackson, on the 4th of March, 
1829; and the new president at once commenced a series of 
vigorous measures, which he carried out for eight years. 

What course did Jackson pursue toward the National Bank ? 

The bill for rechartering the United States Bank was passed 
by Congress, but vetoed by the president. The institution, 
accordingly, ceased to be a national one. 

What serious trouble Jyroke oui in 1833 ? 

The tariff act, passed by Congress in 1832, gave dissatis- 
faction to the cotton-growing States, especially to South Caro- 
lina, where the people in convention proclaimed that if any 
attempts were made to collect the duties the State would se- 
cede from the Union. 

What further accounts can you give of the trouMes? 

Jackson acted with promptitude and firmness ; and a " Cora- 
promise Act," passed by Congress, averted the threatened 
danger. 

WTiat Indian troubles commenced three years after? 

Toward tlio close of 1835, the Seminoles became hostile, in 
consequence of an attempt to remove tliem to lands west of 
the Mississippi. This was done in accordance with a treaty 



114 



Jackson's administration. 




PAET OF FLORIDA. 



which bad been made with some of the chiefs, but which 
others did not consider binding. 

How icas the leading man among the Seminoles dealt with ? 

Osceola {os-e-o'-la)^ their 
most noted chief, was placed 
in irons by Gen. Thompson, 
the government agent, but 
by promising to recommend 
obedience to his tribe, he 
soon obtained his liberty. 

Did Osceola do as he had 
promised ? 

On the 28th of December, 
Osceola, resolved upon ven- 
geance, approached a house in which Thompson and some 
friends were dining, and, making a sudden attack, killed fi-ve 
of the party, including Thompson. 

What other disaster occurred on the same day f 

On the same day, Major Dade, while marching with more 
tlian a hundred men to join Gen. Clinch, at Fort Drane, was 
attacked, and, with his whole force except four men, was mas- 
sacred. 

What further account can you give of the war ? 

A number of battles were fought during the following year; 
but in none could the Americans claim a decided victory. 

What afterward occurred to Osceola ? 

In October, 1837, Osceola appeared in the American camp 
with a flag of truce, when Gen. Jessup seized the chief, and 
sent him to Fort Moultrie, v^here, about three months after, 
he died. 

What important battle took place after the seizure of Osceola ? 

In December, 1837, Col. Taylor, afterward president of the 



WAR WITH MEXICO. 115 

United States, defeated the Indians near Lake Okeechobee, in 
the most desperate battle of the war. 

What dosing account of the war can you give ? 

Though the Seminoles continued their hostilities, they never 
again rallied in large force. Peace was finally secured with 
them in 1842. 

Who succeeded Jackson as president of the United States ? 

Martin Van Buren, the next president of the United States, 
was in office one term, from the 4th of March, 1837, to the 
4th of March, 1841. 

Name, in order, the three presidents who succeeded Van Buren? 

He was succeeded by William Henry Harrison ; but Har- 
rison died after being only a month in office; whereupon John 
Tyler, the vice-president, became president ; and he was suc- 
ceeded, March 4, 1845, by James K. Polk. 



WAE WITH MEXICO. 

Map Questions. 

"Where is Leavenworth ? (See map, p. 116.) City of Mexico ? Matamoras ? Mon- 
terey (2)? Sacramento? Bracito? Saltillo? Santa Fc? Vera Cruz ? New Mox 
Il-o? California? Fort Brown? (See map, p. U7.) Point Isnbel ? Palo Alto? 
Resaca de la Palma? Buena Vista? Cerro Gordo? (See map, p. 1'20 ) Jalapa? 
Perote? Puebla? Ayotla? San Augustin? Coutreras? San Antonio? Clmni- 
busco ? Chapultepec ? 

HoiD did Congress prepare the way for the annexation of Texas? 

Three days before the expiration of Tyler's term of office, a 
bill for the admission of Texas to the Union was passed by 
Congress; and, on the 4th of July, 1845, Texas became one 
of the United States. 

What ean you state of the previous history of Texas ? 

Texaa had been a province of Mexico, but, in consequencG 



116 



WAR WITH MEXICO 




jyJiXJLCO, 
CALIFORWiA, 
TEXAS Sec. 



WAR WITH MEXICO. 



117 



of the arbitrary policy of the Mexican rulers, the Texaiis re- 
volted, and, in 1836, set up a government of their own, 

Wlmt were the consequences of the annexation of Texas f 
The annexation of 'i^exas to the United States led to a war 
with Mexico ; for Mexico still claimed Texas as a part of her 
own territory, and considered the act of annexation a sufficient 
cause of war. 

EVENTS OF 1846. 

What force was sent for the protection of Texas? 
For the protection of the new State, Gen. IV/lor proceeded, 
by order of President 



Polk, to the Eio Grande 
[re'-o grahn'-dd), oppo- 
site Matamoras (mai-a- 
mo'-ras), where he erect- 
ed a fortress, which was 
afterward named Fort 
Brown. 

Give an acco^.int of the 
first conflict of the war. 

Capt. Thornton, with 
a party of sixty-three 
dragoons, having been 
sent up the Rio Grande 
to reconnoiter, was at- 
tacked, April 26, 1846, 
and, after a loss of sixteen men, was compelled to sunender. 

What movern.ents next took plac£. ? 

The Mexicans, in large force, having crossed the Rio Grande, 
Taylor hastened to put the dep-t which he had established at 
Point Isabel (iz-d-bfil') in a better state of defense; and then 
set c'lt on his return to Fort Brown. 




Tjo:x OIL'S 
CA^^I PA! GM 

Sca3e 



118 War with MEXICO. 

What occurred during Taylor's return march to Fort Brovm't 
His piogrcss was disputed at Palo Alto [pah'-lo-ahl'-to) and 

Resaca de la Palma [rd-sah'-kah da lah pnhl'-mah) by Gen. 

Arista [ah-rees'-tali) ; but, in both battles, the Mexicans were 

defeated with severe loss. 

What account can you gue of the first battle ? 

In the battle of Palo Alto, fought on the 8tli of May, tht 
Mexicans numbered six thousand men, while the Americans 
consisted of but twenty-three hundred. The loss of the former 
exceeded five hundred, that of the latter was scarcely fifty ; 
but among their mortally wounded was the brave Major Ring- 
gold. 

What account can you give of the second battle f 

The battle of Resaca de la Palma took place on the fol- 
lowing day, May 9th. The Mexican guns were liolding the 
.Americans in check, when Captain May was ordered to silence 
them. At the head of his dragoons he charged with great 
fury, killed or dispersed the gunners, and captured Gen. La 
Vega [lah- ud' -yah). 

What can you state of Taylor's su^)sequent movements f 

On the 18th of May, Taylor took possession of Matamoras, 
and in August he marched to attack Monterey {pion-td-rd')^ a 
city strong in its natural defences, and then garrisoned by ten 
thousand troops under Gen. Ampudia [arn-poo' -de-ah). 

Haw did Taylor succeed against Monterey f 

After a series of assaults, in which Generals Worth and 
Quitman rendered brilliant service, Monterey capitulated on 
the 24th of September, and Taylor agreed to a brief armistice. 

What can you state of Gen. Kearny's success ? 

In an expedition which set out from Leavenworth, Gen. 
I\earny [kar'-nc] gained possession of the whole of New Mex- 
ico without opposition. With only one hundred men, the 



WAR WITH MEXICO. 119 

main body of Lis army being left at Santa Fe (san-iah fd\ lie 
then crossed to the Pacific. 

What did the army that Kearny left at Santa Fe afterward do f 
Colonel Doniphan, commanding a force of but nine hundred 
men, started from Santa Fe, met and defeated the enemy at 
Bracito (brah-se'-to), December 25th, 1846, and again at Sacra- 
mento {s'fk-ra-men'to), February 28th, 1847, and reached 
Saltillo, having accomplished a march of more than a thousand 
miles. 

What account can you give of Fremont's enterprise? 
Before the breaking out of the war, John C. Fremont was 
sent to make western explorations. After suffering great hard- 
ships, he made his way into California, then a department of 
Mexico, but, in March, 1846, was opposed bjz Gen. Castro. 
What further account can you give of the operations in California f 
The Mexicans were defeated in several skirmishes, and, 
Commodore Stockton arriving, the whole of California was 
soon in possession of the Americans. 

EVENTS OF 1847. 

WMt can you state of a Tiew plan of operations f 

A plan of invasion was arranged for Gen. Scott, which not 
only deprived Taylor of a large number of his best troops, but 
gave to Scott the chief command, he being the senior officer. 

How did Taylor dose his campaign in Mexico f 

Taylor's last engagement in Mexico was the battle of 
Buena Vista {hwa'-nah vces'-tah)^ fought on the 23d of February, 
1S47. His force of less than five thousand men was at- 
tacked by one nearly four times as large, under Gen. Sant'a 
Anna; but, after a contest which lasted from morning till 
night, the Mexicans were driven in disorder from the field. 



120 



WAR WITH MEXICO. 



OsaaJi 



How did Scott commence Ms Mexican campaign ? 

On the 9th of March, Scott landed his army of twelve thou 

sand men near Vera 
Cruz, and, on the 2 2d, 
he opened so destruc- 
tive a fire upon the city 
and the fortress of San 
Juan de Ulloa (san 
whahn da ool-yo^-aK), 
that, on the 27th, both 
places were compelled 
to surrender. 

WJiat was Scott's next 
move7nent ? 

On the 8th of April, 
Scott commenced his 
march against the en- 
emy's capital, the city 
of Mexico, but at Cerro Gordo {thar'-ro gor'-do), a mountain 
pass, he found Santa Anna, prepared to resist his advance. 
Give an account of what followed. 

On the morning of the 18th, a daring assault was made 
upon the works of the enemy, and, before noon, the whole 
were in possession of the Americans. Besides losing their 
artillery, the Mexicans had one thousand of their number 
killed or wounded. 

Qixe an account of tlie further march of the Americans, 
On the next day the Americans entered Jalapa {hah-lah'- 
pah) , further on they took, without opposition, the strong 
castle of Perote (pd-ro'-ta), and, on the 15th of May, they oc- 
cupied the city of Puebla {poo-d'-blah). 
What did Scott then do f 







WAK WITH MEXICO. 121 

Scott halted at Puebla nearly three months for reinforce- 
ments, and then resumed his march, reaching Ayothi [uh-yot' 
lah), a town fifteen miles from the city of Mexico. 

W7iat change did Scott then determine upon f 

Finding that the direct route thence was strongly fortified, 
he turned southward, and encamped at San Augustin {san aw 
ffits-feen'), about ten miles from the capital. 

What difficulties were then in Sootfs way ? 

The approaches to the city of Mexico from San Augustm 
were guarded by batteries at Contreras (con-tra'-ras) and San 
Antonio, and by the strong forts of Churubusco (choo-roo-hoos' - 
co) and Chapultepec {chah-pool-td-pek') . 

What successes attended the advance of the Americans ? 

At sunrise, on the 20th of August, the Americans attacked 
Contreras, and, in less than twenty minutes, carried the bat- 
teries. They were also successful at San Antonio. 

How did the Americans follow up their successes? 

On the same day Churubusco was attacked ; the defense 
was obstinate, and the conflict bloody, bat, at length, the Mex- 
icans were driven from the fort and compelled to flee. 

What effort was then made to hring the Mexicans to terms ? 

An armistice of several days succeeded, during which Scott 
endeavored to bring about a peace, but, failing in this, he or- 
dered Gen. Worth to storm the Molino del Roy (mo-le'-no- 
del-ra), an outer defense of Chapultepec. 

Hoio did Worth carry out the order given to him f 

The attack was made on the 8th of September, and, although 
the Mexicans defended themselves desperately, inflicting a loss 
of six hundred > upon their assailants, they were driven from 
their position. 

What yet remained to he done ? 

Chapultepec itself, a strongly fortified castle, situated on a 

C 



122 WAR WITH MEXICO. 

lofty bill, was yet to be taken before tbe capital could le 
reached. 

Glm an account of tlie taking of ChapuUepec. 

Batteries were erected to bear upon it : from these a fii 
was opened which made breaches through the stone wall de- 
fenses, and, on the 13th of September, the place was carried 
by assault. 

What were tJie immediate consequences of the mctory ? 

During the night Santa Anna and his army fled from the 
capital, and, on the following morning, September 14th, Scott 
made a triumphant march into it. 

Whxit last effort for success did Santa Anna make ? 

After Santa Anna's flight he proceeded to lay siege to Pue- 
bla : learning, however, that a body of recruits were on their 
march to reinforce Scott, he attacked them at Huamantia 
{ivhah-inant' -lah)^ but, as usual, met with defeat. 

How was the war brought to a close f 

On tbe 2d of February, 1848, a treaty of peace was signed, 
by which all the territory north of the Rio Grande, together 
with the whole of New Mexico and California, was relinquished 
to the United States. 

What did the United States agree to do in return ? 

On the part of the United States, it was agreed that 
$15,000,000 should be paid for the territory acquired, and 
that debts due from Mexico to American citizens, amounting 
to $3,000,000, should be assumed. 

What excitement with regard to Galifornia soon broke out ? 

During this month, February, gold began to be found in 
California. The news at once spread with wonderful rapidity, 
ana thousands of emigrants from all parts of the world rushed 
thither. 

Who next, after Polk, was President of the United States ? 



Fillmore's administration. 123 

Polk was succeeded in the presidency by Gen. Taylor, dis- 
tinguished in the war with Mexico. The inauguration took 
place on the 5th of March, 1849, the 4th being Sunday. 

What dispute, of national importance, soon occurred? 

In a short time California applied for admission into the 
Union ; but as the constitution which she had adopted ex- 
cluded slavery from her territory, a violent dispute commenced 
in Congress and throughout the United States, which continued 
several months. 

What loss did the nation sustain at this time f 

Before the dispute was settled. Gen. Taylor died, after an 
administration of only one year, four months, and four days ; 
and the vice-president, Millard Fillmore, thereupon became 
president. 

How was the question in relation to the admission settled ? 

Other questions, growing out of the subject of slavery, hav- 
ing been introduced into Congress, five acts were passed by 
that body, in conformity with the spirit of a compromise 
offered by Henry Clay. One of these provided for the admis- 
sion of California as a free Stat'^. 

When did the slavery question in another shape appear ? 

During the administiation uf Franklin Pierce, who succeeded 
to the presidency on the 4th of March, 1853, the controversy 
between the slavcholding and non-slaveholding sections of the 
Union was renewed, the one being in favor- of and the other 
opposed to the extension of slavery into the territories of the 
United States. 

What action of Congress gaw shape to the controxiersy ? 

Congress, in 1854, passed the " Kansas Nebraska Bill." As, 
by this act, the "Compromise of 1820" was repealed — a com- 
Dromise which prohibited slavery in the territory of the 



124: 



REVIEW QIjESTIONS. 



United States north of the southern boundary of Missouri, 
Missouri excepted — emigrants from both sections began to 
pour into Kansas, and with such zeal was the strife for su- 
premacy carried on, that frequent collisions took place. 



PEINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE WAE WITH MEXICO. 

(The Americans were successful in every battle.) 



DATES. 


BATTLES. 


COMMANDERS. 


FOR0K8 ENGAGED. 


American. 


Mexican. 


Amer. 


Me.x'n. 

6,000 

5,000 

10,01 lO 

1,200 


1846. 
May 8, 
May 9, 
Sept. 24, 
Dec. 25, 

1847. 
Feb. 23, 
Feb. 28, 
March 27, 
April 18, 

Aug. 20, 1 

Sept. 8, 
Sept. 13, 
Oct. 9, 


Palo Alto 


Taylor .... 

Taylor 

Taylor .... 
Doniphan.. 


Ari.sta 


2.300 

2,-200 

0,600 

500 


Resaca de la Palma.. 
Monterey 


Arista 


Ampudia 

Ponce de Leon. 


Bracito 


Buena Vista 

Sacramento 


Taylor .... 
Doniphan.. 

Scott 

Scott 

Scott 

Scott 

Wortli 

Scott 

Lane 


Santa Anna 

Trias 


4,700 

900 

12,000 

8,500 

4,000 

8,000 

3.500 

7,200 

500 


17,000 

4,000 

6,000 

12,000 

7,000 

25,000 

14,000 

25,000 

1,000 


Vera Cruz .... 


Morales 

Santa Anna. .. . 

Valencia . 

Santa Anna 


Cerro Gordo 


Chiirubusco. 


Molino del Key 




Huauiantla 


Santa Anna 





REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

1. When was Monroe inangnrated president ? (page 112.)— 2. When did 
he go out of office ? — 8. Give an account of the troubles with the Semi- 
noles. (112, 113, 114, 115.)-- 4. Give some account of Florida. (11, 13, 53, 84, 
112.)— 5. Of the "Missouri Compromise of 1820." (112, 113,)— 6. When 
did Mississippi become a State? (112.) —7. Illinois?— 8. Alabama?— 9. 
Maine?— 10. Missouri'?— 11. Give an account of Lafayette's visit. (113.)— 
12. When was John Quiucy Adams inaugurated president ?— 13. What 
can you state of his administration? — 14. When was Jackson inaugurated 
president?— 15. When did Jackson go out of office?— 16. What can you 
Btate of the National Bank? (81, 113.)— 17. What troubles broke out in 
1832? Ans. The Nullification troubles. — 18. Give an account of them. 
— 19. What account can you give of Osceola? (114.) — 20. Of Dade's miss- 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 125 

sacre?~21. Of tlie battle of Okeechobee ? (114, 115.)— 22. Wheu was Van 
Buren inaugurated president ? (115.) — 23. Harrison ? — 24. Tyler? — 25. 
Polk ? — 26. Give an account of the admission of Texas to the Union, (115.) 
—27. Of Texas, previous to the admission. (115, 117.)~28. What was tlia 
cause of the war with Mexico ? (117.)— 29. What did President Polk order 
Gen. Taylor to do ?— 80. What fort did Taylor construct ?— 81. What mis- 
fortune befell Thornton ?— 32. Where did Taylor establish a depot ?— 33. 
What movement did he make as regards the depot ?-^34. When did the 
battle of Palo Alto occur? (118.) — 35. Give an account of it.— 36. How 
came the battle of Eesaca de la Palma to be fought ?— 37. When was it 
fought ?— 38. Give an account of it.— 39. When did Taylor cross to Mata- 
moras ? — 40. What city did he next go against ? — 41. How was Monterey 
prepared for defence ? — 42. How did Taylor succeed against Monterey ?— 
43. What march did Kearny make ?— 44. What success did he meet with ? 
—45. What did Kearny afterward do ? (118, 119.)— 46. What march did 
Doniphan make ? (119.)— 47. What successes did he have ? — 48. What can 
you say of Fremont's operations ?— 49. What success did he and Stockton 
have ?— 50. How was Taylor deprived of men and the chief command ?— 
61. Give an account of the battle of Buena Vista.— 52. Of the taking of 
Vera Cruz. (120.)— 53. What fort protected Vera Cruz ?— 54. When did 
Scott get possession of the fort ?— 55. How came the battle of Cerro Gordo 
to be fought?— 56. When was it fought?— 57. Give an account of it.— 58. 
When did Scott take Jalapa?— 59. Puebla?— 60. Why did he stop at 
Puebla?(121.)— 61. What was his next movement ?— 62. Why did he not 
then keep on direct to the city of Mexico ?— 63. What did he do instead ? 
—64. Give an account of the operations of the 20th of August. — 65. Of 
the battle of Molino del Eey.— 66. Of the taking of Chapultepec castle.— 
(121, 122.)— 67. When did Scott take the city of Mexico? (122.)— 68. Wliat 
had become of Santa Anna ?— 69. Where did he meet his final defeat ?— 70. 
Wtien was peace made?— 71. What territory did the United States secure ? 
—72. What can you state of the gold excitement ?— 73. When was Taylor 
inaugurated president ? (123.)— 74. What dispute, in relation to California, 
occurred ? — 75. Who succeeded Taylor in the presidency ? — 76. How came 
Fillmore to succeed him ?— 77. In what connection is Henry Clay spoken 
of? — 78. When was Pierce inaugurated president? — 79. In what shape 
was tlie slavery question again introduced?— 80, What can you state ot 
the "Kansas-Nebraska Bill?" (123, 124.)— 81. Name the principal battles 
of 1846. (124.)— 82. Of 1S47.— 83. In which did Taylor command ?— 84. In 
which did Scott command?— 85. In which did Santa Anna command ? — 
86. In which did Arista command. 



126 THE GREAT REBELLION. 



THE GEEAT REBELLION. 

By whom, and lohen, was Pierce succeeded in the presidency ? 

James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania, Pierce's successor as 
president of the United States, was inaugurated at Washing- 
ton on the 4th of March, 1S57. 

What subject of national importance was still discussed ? 

The slavery question continued to be the prominent topic oi 
discussion during the four years of his administration; and, 
at its close, the Kansas strife seemed no nearer a conclu- 
sion. 

What can you date of the presidential canvass of 1860 ? 

As Buchanan's term of office drew toward its close, no less 
than four candidates were nominated to succeed him ; and, 
after an exciting canvass, in which the slavery question was 
the all-absorbing one, the election resulted in the success of 
Abraham Lincoln. 

What soonfolloioed? 

When it became known that the candidate of the Repub- 
lican party — the party opposed to the further extension of 
slavery — would be the next president, public meetings were 
held in South Carolina to bring about a secession of that State 
from the Union; and, on the 20th of December, 1860, an or- 
dinance of secession was passed by a State convention. 

WJmt took place shortly after f 

Four days after. Major Anderson, commanding at t'ort 
Moultrie, withdrew his force of but eighty men from that fort, 
and established himself at Fort Sumter, a place of greater se- 
curity. 



THE GREAT KEBELLION. 127 

What was the consequence of this viovement? 

This removal being regarded in South Carolina as a hostile 
act, the authorities there at once seized the custom-house at 
Charleston, as well as other property belonging to the general 
government, and began to make preparations to drive iinder- 
son from his new position. 

EYENTS OP 1861. 

Map Questions. 

Where is Fort Sumter? (See map, p. 62.) Charleston? Montiromery? (Map, 
p. 100.) Baltimore? (Map, p. 105.) Harper's Ferry? Norfolk? Washington? 
Bowling Green, Va. ? Fortress Monroe ? (Map, p. 130.) Big Bethel? Hampton 
Eoads? Booneville? (Map, p. 128.) Carthage? Wilson's Creek? Lexington, 
Mo.? St. Louis? Springfield? BullEun? (Map, p. 144.) Hattcras Inlet? (Mnp, 
p. 78.) Port Eoyal Entrance? (Map, p. 8.) 

What 2^ Ian did the insurgents frmtrate? 

A steamer, sent from New York with supplies and reinforce- 
ments for Fort Sumter, arrived off Charleston ; but, being fired 
upon by batteries which the rebels, or, as they called them- 
selves. Confederates, had erected, she was compelled to put 
back. 

How rapidly did the secession spirit spread ? 

During the month of January, 1861, five of the slave states, 
viz. :— Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, and Louisiana, 
following the lead, of South Carolina, passed secession ordi- 
nances, and, on the 1st of February, Texas did the same. 

What united action did these states then taTcef 

Delegates from the insurgent states met at Montgomery in the 
beginning of February, and organized a government, under the 
nam*e of the "Confederate States of America." On the 18th, 
Jefferson Davis was inaugurated President of the so-called Con- 
federacy. 



128 



THE GKEAT KEBELLION. 



> A R ^ 




THE GltEAT ilE13ELLIO:\^. 129 

W'icn did Lincoln 'become President of the United States ? 

In this condition were the affairs of the country when Lin- 
coln, on the 4th of March, 18G1, entered upon the office of 
President of the United States. 

What assurance did Lincoln at once give ? 

In his inaugural address, he announced that he had "no 
purpose to interfere with the institution of slavery where it 
exists ;" further stating that, in his opinion, he had " no right 
to do soJ' 

What followed then? 

The announcement had no effect whatever upon the Southern 
leaders.. They soon organized an army, and ordered Gen. 
Beauregard (bo-re-gard) to reduce Fort Sumter. 

Give an account of Beauregard's success. 

On the morning of the 12th of April the first shot was fired 
upon tlie fort. After a bombardment of thirty-four hours, the 
defence being but feeble in consequence of the sn^allness of tlie 
garrison and the poor supply of ammunition, Anderson was 
compelled to capitulate. 

What effect did this produce f 

The news of this event produced an almost uncontrollable 
excitement throughout the country; and the President's proc- 
lamation, issued on the 15th, calling for troops, was responded 
to at once by all the free states. 

What tooTc place in Maryland ? 

A Massachusetts regiment, while on its way to defend the 
National capital, was attacked, April 19th, in the streets of 
Baltimore, by a mob of Southern sympathizers. Two of the 
soldiers w^ere killed and a number wounded. 

What events tooh place in Virginia? 

The Confederates seized Harper's Ferry ; and Norfolk, with 
its Navy Yard, having been abandoned by the Union oSicers, an 

0* 



130 



THE GREAT KEBELLION. 



immense quautity of ordinance, shot, and sliell fell into the 
liands of the insurgents. 

What measures did the President adopt in consequence? 
On the 27th of April, the President declared all ports in the 
slave states sonth of Maryland closed by blockade; but tlie 
army of the United States did not make a forward movement 
before the 24th of May. 
What tooh place then? 

On that day, Gen. Scott, commanding the army, sent troops 
into Virginia. A Confederate camp was surprised and routed, 
June 3d, by Gen. McClellan, who had advanced from Ohio; 
but, seven days later, a Union force from Fortress Monroe was 
repulsed at Big Bethel. 

What^ meanwhile^ was going on in Mis- 
souri ? 

The secessionists in Missouri had not 
been idle. Their first object was to 
take the state out of the Union. 
How were they met? 
Though Gen. Lyon frustrated their 
plans by his successes at Booneville, 
Carthage, and other places, yet, in his 
last encounter, which took place at 
"Wilson's Creek, on the 10th of August, he was defeated by a 
superior force and killed. 

What afterward tooh place in Missouri ? 
Gen. Mulligan, commanding at Lexington, was attacked by 
the enemy under Gen. Price, and, after a struggle of four days, 
was compelled to surrender, September 20th. 
What further operations took place? 

Gen. Fremont, then in command of the Western Department, 
thereupon marched from St. Louis against Price. The pursuit, 




MAP OF NORFOLK AND 
VICINITY. 



THE GUEAT EEEELLION. 331 

liowever, was only continued as far as Springfield, when Fre- 
mont, in compliance with orders, turned his command over to 
Gen. Hunter. 

JVhat important movement was made in July f 

About the middle of July, a large army, commanded by Gen. 
McDowell, marched to attack the main army of the Confed- 
erates. A reconnoissance, made on the 18th, showed the 
enemy to be posted at Bull Eun. 

Describe what followed. 

The National forces advanced; and, on the 21st, occurred the 
first great battle of the rebellion. It lasted ten hours, when 
the insurgents, being largely reinforced, prevailed, and the 
Union troops, panic-stricken, fled toward Washington. 

What forces icere engaged and losses sustained f 

In this contest, not less than forty thousand men were 
actually engaged. The Union loss, in killed, wounded, and 
prisoners, reached nearly three thousand, while that of the 
enemy did not much exceed half that number. 

What preparations were made to prosecute the loar? 

McCiellan was appointed to succeed McDo'A'ell; and Con- 
gress, in extra session, voted to raise five hundred thousand 
troops to serve three years or during the war. 

What ^cas accomplished by the navyf 

There were two important navy expeditions during the year. 
In the first, under Com. Stringhara, the two forts at Hatteras 
Inlet were taken on the 29th of August; and in the second, 
under Com. Dupont, the two at Port Eoyal harbor, were taken 
November 7th. 

What unauthorized act was done by a naval commander t 

Capt. Wilkes, in command of the frigate San Jacinto, inter- 
cepted an English steamer, and took from her Messrs. Mason 
and Slidell, Confederate Commissioners to Europe. 



133 THE GF^EAT REBELLION. 

WTint iDciH done with the Commissioners ? 

As the seizure thus made was contrary to the doctrine of th« 
sanctity of a neutral vessel, and the British government re- 
sented the act, the two prisoners were given up. 

What unfriendly acts from abroad had previously occurred? 

This affair tended to make still less amicable the relations of 
the United States with England ; for the rebellion had hardly- 
been inaugurated, before Queen Victoria, May 13th, acknowl- 
edged the South as a belligerent power; and France, soon 
after, did the same. 

What can you state of the Confederate privateers? 

The Confederates fitted out a number of privateers, one of 
the most successful of them being the steamer Sumter, Capt. 
Semraes, which ran the blockade of New Orleans on the last 
day of June. 

What can you state of the Sumter'' s doings ? 

The Sumter captured a number of vessels, and then, after 
being supplied with coal in the British port of Nassau, crossed 
the Atlantic, and entered the British harbor of Gribraltar. 

What hecame of her then ? 

Here slie was found by a United States gunboat, and watched. 
Finally, she was sold, and her crew went to England, where a 
faster steamer, the Alabama, was being constructed for the 
Confederates. 

What further can you say of Semmes? 

Semmes, in the Alabama, soon resumed his career of de- 
struction upon the seas, luring vessels, by hoisting the British 
flag, and then consigning his prizes to the flames. 

Wlie7i was Kansas admitted into the Union? In 1861. 



THE GEEAT REBELLION. 133 



EVENTS OF 1862. 

Map Questions. 
"Where is CJairo ? (See map, p. 12S.) Columbus? Bowling Green? Fort Henry? 
Fort Donelsjn ? PeaEidge? New Madrid? Island No. 10? Memphis? Pitts- 
burg Landing? New Orleans? luka? Corinth? Munfordsville ? Cumberland 
Gap? (Map. p. 189.) Mill Spring? lioanoke Island? Newbern? Beaufort? 
Pwichmond? Winchester? York town? Williamsburg? James Eiver? Cedar 
Mountain? Antietam? Fredericksburg? Into what water does the Potomac 
flow? The James? Where is Fah- Oaks? (Map, p. 136.) Chantilly? (Map, p. 
144.) Fort Pulaski? Ans. Near Savaimah. South Mountain? Ans. In Mary- 
land, near Harper^'s Ferry. Perryville ? Ans. In Kentucky, south of Frankfort. 

What was the state of things at the West at the beginning of 
1862? 

From a point on the Mississippi, a few miles below Cairo, the 
■whole river to its mouth was in possession of the Confederates, 
and great preparations were being made by both parties for its 
mastery. 

What other advantage did the Confederates possess ? 

The Confederates had also built a line of forts from the Missis- 
sippi to Cumberland Gap, the principal ones being at Columbus, 
Bowling Green, Mill Spring, and Forts Henry and Donelson. 

Which places first fell into the hands of the Unionists? 

On the 19th of January, 18G2, Gen. Thomas achieved a victory 
near Mill Spring, the enemy escaping across the Cumberland ; 
and, on the 6th of February, Admiral Foote, commanding a fleet 
of gunboats, reduced Fort Henry. Bowling Green was soon 
after abandoned. 

What important victory next occurred ? 

On the 16th of February, Gen. Grant, with the co-operation 
of the fleet, effected the important capture of Fort Douelsuu 
w^ith sixteen thousand prisoners. The enemy thereupon evacu- 
ated Columbus and Nashville. 



134 THE GEEAT KEBELLION. 

WJiat meanwhile had taJ:en 2yiace eastward? 
A land and naval expedition, under Gen. Burnside and Cora. 
Goldsborough had meanwhile, February 8th, captured Roanoke 
Island. Newbern, Fort Pulaski, andBeaufort were also captured. 
WTiat two events occurred on the same day in March? 
On the 8th of March, Gen. Curtis, after three days' hard 
Sghting, defeated the Confederate Gen. Van Dorn at Pea Ridge ; 
and, on the same day, the ram Virginia destroyed the U. S. 
vessels Cumberland and Congress in Hampton Roads. 
What can you state of the j^revious history of the ram ? 
This vessel, the Virginia, was formerly the Merrimac, which 
had been sunk at Norfolk by the Union commander there at the 
beginning of the war. 

Give an account of the farther doings of the Virginia. 
On the following day, March 9th, the Virginia again entered 
Hampton Roads, but this time she was met by the floating bat- 
tery Monitor, which had arrived the previous night from New 
York. 

What was the result of the encounter ? 

The contest between the two vessels lasted several hours, 
when tlie Virginia, in a disabled condition, returned to Norfolk. 
Do you Inow of anything else that tooJc place in March? 
Early in March, McClellan ordered an advance toward Rich- 
mond, and on the 23d, Gen. Shields, commanding a detachment 
of G^n. Banks's division, gained a victory at Winchester. 
W?iat occurred in another direction ? 

The Union forces at the West, under Gen. Pope, were victo- 
rious on the 14th of the same month, taking New Madrid. Again 
they were victorious on the 7th of April, co-operating witii 
Foote's gunboat fleet in the capture of Island No. 10, with six 
thousand prisoners. 

What else was accomplished on the Mississippi? 



THE GKEAT REBELLION. 135 

The gunboats descended the Mississippi, defeating the ene- 
my's fleet near Fort Pillovv^ on the rtlh of June. On the 6th, 
Com. Davis, Foote's successor, gained a victory over the ene- 
my's fleet at Memphis, the town in consequence falling into 
his hands. 

What occurred in the western part of Tennesfiee ? 
At Shiloh, near Pittsburg Landing, on the Tennessee, Grant's 
army was attacked on the 6th of April by Johnston's, and 
driven toward the river. Here, aided by gun-boats, it suc- 
ceeded in making a stand. Johnston was killed. 
What aftericard occurred f 

The arrival of reinforcements under Buell, enabled Grant to 
assume the offensive on the following day, and the enemy, 
commanded by Beauregard, were driven back. 
What forces and losses were sustained? 

The forces engaged in this battle, on both sides, numbered 
more than a hundred thousand men ; and the losses were severe, 
being not less than twenty thousand. 

What^ later in the month^ tooh place further south? 
In Louisiana the Union cause met with a success of great 
importance. This was the capture of New Orleans on the 25th 
April, 

How was the capture effected ? 

The Union fleet, commanded by Admiral Farragut and Com. 
Porter, ascended the Mississippi, bombarding and then running- 
past two forts. The city was reached, and Gen. Butler taking 
formal possession, placed it under martial law. 

What successes did the Unionists have in Mississippi ? 
At luka, September 19th, Gen. Rosecrans {roz -krants) dis- 
persed the Confederates under Price, and on the 4th of October 
he gained another victory at Corinth. 

What important operation tooh place in Yinjlnia ? 



136 



THE GREAT KEBELLION. 



In March, McClellan, with eighty-five thousand men, com- 
menced a movement toward Richmond. Compelling the enemy 
to retreat from Yorktown, after a mouth's siege, he gained a 
victory at Williamsburg, May 5th ; and then pushed on to within 
seven miles of the Confederate capital. 

What was tJie result of an ex])edition from Fortress Mon- 
roe? 

On the 10th of May, Gei.. Wool, proceeding from Fortress 
Monroe, took possession of Norfolk. This place the Confeder- 
ates had abandoned. They also, on the 11th, destroyed their 
iron-clad vessel Virginia. 

What resistance did McClellan meet 
with ? 

At Fair Oaks, McClellan's army was 
attacked on the 31st of May, the battle 
being resumed the following day. It 
was a bloody though indecisive con- 
test. 

Who commanded the Confederates at 
the time ? 
Johnston, the Confederate general-in-chief, commanded in 
this battle ; but, in consequence of a severe Vv'ound which he 
received. Gen. Lee became his successor. 
What was McClellan'' s next movement ? 

Believing that the force at his disposal was not sufficient to 
protect his lines, McClellan transferred his base of operations to 
the James river. 
. Did the Confederates attack him again ? 
While the transfer was in progress, the Confederates fell upon 
the Union troops, June 25th, and a series of destructive battles 
took place, lasting through seven days. 
What army changes took place ? 




THE GlifciAT liEBELLION. 137 

Late iu June, the President ordered the forces of Fremont, 
Banks, and McDowell to be consolidated, and the command 
given to Gen. Pope. 

WTiat movement did Lee make? 

Lee soon began to menace Washington; but, at Cedar 
Mountain, August 9th, his advance under General Jackson, 
was unsuccessful in a conflict with Banks's division. 

Did Lee continue to move northward ? 

The Confederates, in full force, advanced, and from the 23d 
of August to the beginning of the following month the struggle 
between the two great armies was desperate. 

Can you give any account of the struggle ? 

In that part of the struggle known as the Second Battle of 
Bull Run, Pope was defeated. In its closing part, at Chantilly, 
though losing Stevens and Kearny, two of his best generals, he 
was more fortunate. 

What further progress did Lee malcef 

Lee, instead of marching to attack the fortifications of Wash- 
ington, crossed the Potomac into Maryland,where he was pursued 
by McClellan, who had been ordered from the James. 

What occurrences followed? 

At South Mountain, September 14th, the N'ational forces were 
victorious ; but this success was more than counterbalanced a 
few hours later by the loss of Harper's Ferry with its munitions 
of war and large garrison. 

How was Lee's advance at last effectually checked f 

On the 17th, the great battle of Antietam {cm-te -tarn) was 
fought. Lee was defeated, his loss in the battle and during the 
campaign being not less than twenty-five thousand men. lie 
Jit once made good his retreat to Virginia. 

Give the final history of McClellan'' s command. 

Afler remaining in Maryland till the latter part of October 



138 THE GEEAT REBELLION. 

McOlellan crossed the Potomac, but in November was super- 
seded in the command by Burnside. 

What movement was then made f 

Led by their new commander, the army reached and crossed 
tlie Rappahannock, the design being to march against Eichmond 
by the route from Fredericksburg. 

Did Burnside effect anything ? 

Fredericksburg was taken, December 12th, but, after a disas- 
trous attempt to carry the works behind the city, the river was 
recrossed. 

What other events tooTc place during the year f 

The Confederates meanwhile were active in Tennessee and 
Kentucky. In two battles, one at Richmond, August 30th, and 
the other at Munfordsville, about a fortnight later, they wert 
successful ; but at Perryville, October 8th, they met with defeat 
and fled. 

When was West Virginia admitted into the Union f In 1862. 

EVENTS OF 1863. 

Map Questions. 

Where '.s Galveston? (See map, p. 123.) Murfreesboro ? Arkansas Post? 
Vicksburg ? Port Gibson ? Port Hudson ? Gettysburg ? (Map, p. 139.) Chick- 
amauga? Chattanooga? Knoxville? Into what river does the Eappahannoek 
fiow ? Where is Chancellorsville ? (Map, p. 144.) 

What was the first imjjortant event of 1863? 

On the 1st of January, 1863, President Lincoln issued his 
memorable proclamation, by which the slaves in the rebellious 
states not occupied by the National troops, were declared for- 
ever free. 

Vyliat other event tool: place at that time? 

On. the same day the Confederates took the city of Galveston, 



TilE GREAT liE.BELL102^. 













iLrntEvi 



f: 









tiLTAMANA R, 



\ \ 



V 



m^ 






140 THE GKEAT KEBELLION. 

capturing, destroying, or dispe;sing the land and naval force 
there. 

What event was in progress at the same time? 

The close of 1862 witnessed a fierce struggle at Murfreesboro 
between the armies of Rosecrans and Bragg. At length, on the 
2d of January, 1863, victory decided for the ISTational cause. 

Where^ further west, teas the Union cause also successful ? 

Nino days after, the Confederates lost Arkansas Post. It was 
taken by a land and naval force. 

Wliat changes in army commanders tooh place ? 

Burnside having, at his own request, been relieved of the 
command of the Army of the Potomac, was succeeded by 
Hooker. 

When did Hooher commence operations ? 

Toward the latter part of April, Hooker crossed the Rai)pa- 
hannock, and, encountering Lee on the 2d and 3d of May at 
Chancellorsville, sustained a loss of about eleven thousand men. 
He then recrossed the river. 

What movement was afterward made ? 

On the 9th of June, Lee, whose army numbered nearly a 
hundred thousand men, began a northward movement. Hooker 
followed the invaders into Maryland, where his command was 
transferred to Gen. Meade. 

What can you state of the dattle that tooh place ? 

At Gettysburg, on the 1st, 2d, and 3d of July, one of the most 
important conflicts of the war took place. Lee was finally de- 
feated, and, with his army reduced one-third, he made a rapid 
retreat. 

To what end were the operations at the West conducted ? 

It was the chief object of Gen. Grant, the commander of the 
Kational forces at the south-west, to open the Mississippi, his 
first point of attack being Vicksburg. 



THE GREAT EEBELLION. 141 

Was he successful ? 

Near Port Gibson, May 1st, ho gained a decided victory. 
Others followed, and finally, on the 4:th of July, the Confederate 
commander, Pemberton, surrendered Vicksbnrg. 

Did the capture of VicTcshurg open the Mississippi ? 

The commander at Port Hudson, on learning the fiite of Yicks- 
burg, likewise surrendered ; and thus was the Mississippi opened. 

What further can you state in relation to fhe surrender J 

The surrender of this last place held by the enemy on the river 
was made to Banks, Butler's successor. The colored troops in 
Banks's army were commended for their bravery in the assaults 
which had been made on the place. 

What can you state of Rosecrans'^s operations ? 

After his victory at Murfreesboro, Eosecrans Iiad no impor- 
tant contest with the enemy until he was attacked by Bragg, 
near Chickamauga Creek, September 19th and 20th; and, but 
for the stand made by Thomas, would have been totally de- 
feated. 

What then tooh place f 

He then fell back to Chattanooga. The timely arrival of 
Hooker and Grant, the latter of whom took the command, ena- 
bled the Union army to gain a decided victory, November 24th 
and 25th ; and Bragg was driven back into Georgia. 

What events toolc place elseichere f 

At Knoxville, November 29th, Burnside repulsed Longstreet. 
In Missouri and Kansas, guerilla bands, co-operating with the 
regular insurgent forces, continued to plunder and destroy. 

What was done to increase the National forces f 

By virtue of authority vested in him, the President ordered a 
draft of three hundred thousand men to recruit the army. 

How was the order received ? 

An opposition to the measure was at one© excited, which 



142 THE GREA.T KE3ELLT0N. 

culminated in a riot in the city of New York, coiiimencing July 
13th, and lasting four days. 

What further account can you give of the riot f 
Before the outbreak was quelled, a number of buildings were 
sacked and burned, and the most fiendish acts were committed, 
particularly against the colored population. 

What can you state of the navy during the year? , 
The navy of the United States was employed in various service 
during the year, and was very active. The blockade of the Con- 
federate ports became so eflTective as to be fully respected by the 
nations of Europe. 

EYEJTTS OP 1864 

Map Questions. 

Where is Shreveport ? (See map, p. 12S.) Fort Pillow ? Mobile Bay ? Fort 
Morgan? FortGuines? Nashville? Franklin? ^tja Near Nashville. Into what 
river does the Eed Eiver flow? The Eapidan ? (Map, p. 144.) "Where was the 
battle of the Wilderness fought? Where is Spottsylvania Court House? Atlan- 
ta? (Map, p. 128.) Monocacy? (Map, p. 139.) Fisher's Hill? Petersburg? 
Savannah ? Wilmington ? Columbia ? 

Whaticere the first important military events of 1864? 

Gen. Sherman, in February, 1864, made a successful expedi- 
tion into Mississippi ; but this success was more than counter- 
balanced by a defeat which the Union forces sustained ut Olustee, 
in Florida, on the 20th of the same month. 

Where did the Union troops again suffer disaster f 

An expedition against Shreveport, conducted by Banks with 
the co-operation of Porter's fleet, failed to accomplish its object. 

Give a further account in relation to the expedition. 

The losses were severe ; and the vessels, in consequence of a 
fall in the waters of the Ked River, were only saved from cap- 
ture or destruction by the greatest exertion. 



THE GEEAT PwEBELLION. 143 

WJiat indirect misfortujie way he charged to tJie exjjedition ? 

The absence of troops to aid Banks emboldened the enemy to 
make a raid into Tennessee and Kentucky. Fort Pillow was 
carried b J assault; and three hundred of its defenders, mostly 
colored troops, were massacred. 

WJiat important military promotion was made ? 

The services which Gen. Grant had rendered the country, 
added to his peculiar fitness to command large armies, induced 
the President to name him for the position of Lieutenant-Gen- 
eral, and the nomination was confirmed by the Senate on the 
3d of March. 

How was the wisdom of this act soon manifested ? 

Vast preparations were at once begun for two campaigns: 
one against Kichmond by the Army of the Potomac, and the 
other against Atlanta, conducted by Sherman. 

Give an account of Sherman'' s movements. 

Sherman, with an army of a hundred thousand men, advanced 
from Chattanooga early in May. His progress was disputed by 
Johnston, but in vain. He won battles, out-flanked his opponent, 
and by the middle of July reached the vicinity of Atlanta. 

What change in commanders then tools place ? 

Johnston's " retreating policy " being condemned by the Con 
federates, he was superseded in the command by Gen. Hood. 

What then followed ? 

Several resolute attacks were then made upon the Union lines, 
but in every case the enemy was repulsed, and finally Hood 
was compelled to evacuate Atlanta. 

By whom was the otlier large Union army commanded ? 

Though Meade commanded the Army of the Potomac, Grant 
was in the field, and planned its movements, as well as the 
iDovements of the other armies. 

When did Meade move^ and what soon followed ? 



lU 



THE GREAT REBELLION. 




nUMOLTTH 
- ^ ^^ °fKDERICKSBURS^ 



On the 4th of May, Meade crossed the Rapidau. On the fol- 
lowing day, he enconntered Lee in a contest, known as the 
battle of the Wilderness. The slaughter 
was terrible. At length, on the 7th, 
the enemy fell back. 

What further conjiicts toolc. place ? 
Near Spottsylvania Conrt House, Lee 
made a stand, and here, during six days, 
some of the severest fighting of the war 
took place. The result was again to the 
advantage of the National arms. 
What did the Confederates accomplish on the sea f 
The enemy, by means of English-built privateers, sailing 
under the Confederate flag, succeeded in pillaging and destroy- 
ing a large number of American merchantmen. 
What icas the fate of the Alabama? 

The most noted of these privateers was the Alabama. This 
vessel was at last met, June 19th, by the Kearsarge, and, after a 
short contest, sunk. 

What invasion itas made hy Gen. Early ? 
Early, commanding a large detachment of Lee's army, invaded 
Maryland in July, defeated a Union force at Monocacy {mo-noc- 
ah-se)^ and then recrossed the Potomac, loaded with plunder. 
A similar invasion was made soon after. 
Was anything done to oppose the invaders ? 
Gen. Sheridan, succeeding Generals Sigel (see'-^^Z) and Hunter 
gained a complete victory near Winchester, September 19th, and 
a second, three days after, at Fisher's Hill. 
"^^ hat further did Sheridan accomplish ? 
On the 19th of October, he was again victorious, routing tho 
enemy, who made no other attempt to invade the North by way 
of tho Shenandoah Valley. 



THE GREAT KEBELLION. 145 

WTiat advance had heen made against Lee ? 

Butler, co-operating with the Army of the Potomac, seciirod 
a position on the south side of the James, and thus favored a 
movement by which the army was transferred to that side of 
the river. 

What tooh place near Petersburg ? 

Petersburg was at once besieged. On the 30th of July a mine 
was exploded under one of the enemy's forts, but the assault 
which followed through the gap thus made, was a disastrous 
failure. 

How is FarraguVs success in MoMle Bay spoJren of? 

Of all the achievements of the army or navy of the United 
States during the war, none were more brilliant than that of 
Admiral Farragut in Mobile Bay, on the 5th of August. 

What was his achievement ? 

He succeeded in passing Forts Morgan and Gaines at the en- 
trance of the bay, and then gaining a complete victory over the 
enemy's fleet. The two forts were afterward, captured. 

What had Sherman been doing meanwhile ? 

Leaving Thomas in Tennessee to watch Hood, Sherman de- 
stroyed Atlanta, and, on the 15th of November, commenced his 
memorable march to the sea-coast. 

Give an account of his progress. 

Advancing through Georgia and living upon the country, ho 
occupied the state capital 'and other large towns ; carried Fort 
McAllister by assault; and, on the morning of the 21st of De- 
cember, entered the city of Savannah. 

How fared it with Thomas during this time? 

At Franklin, November 30th, a battle took place between the 
forces of Hood and Thomas, when the Union troops fell back 
to Nashville. 

What followed ? 



14:6 TFTE GTREIT KEBELLTON. 

Hood formed a plan to dislodge his opponent, but, before he 
could put it into execution, Thomas attacked hira, December 
15th and 16th, and routed him with very great loss. 

WTien was Nevada admitted into the Union? In 1864. 



EVENTS OF 1865. 

Where did the operations of 1865 legin ? 

The active operations of 1865 began with the reduction i 
Fort Fisher, the main defence of "Wilmington. 

By whom was the reduction achieved ? 

This was accomplished on the 15th of January, bv a fo ce 
tinder Gen. Terry, aided by Porter's fleet. 

Had any previous attempt 'been made to reduce the fort f 

About a month before, Butler had made a demonstration 
against the fort, but deeming the works too strong to be cariied 
by his force, returned to Fortress Monroe. 

When did Sherman move from SavannaJi? 

By the 1st of February, 1865, Sherman's army was again In 
motion; and his capture of Columbia, on the ITth, compelled 
the Confederates to evacuate Charleston. 

What further can you state of his progress? 

Marching through the Carolinas, he encountered and defeated 
Hardee on the 16th of March, and Johnston four days later. 

What occurred towa/rd the close of the month ? 

On the 29th of March the final movement of the National 
forces, which had gathered around Richmond, commenced, and 
after ten days' marching and fighting, the campaign was ended. 

What was accomplished during the time ? 

On the 3d of April, both Petersburg and Richmond were occu- 
pied by the nation's victorious troops. The retreating enemy were 



THE GKKAT KEEELLIOK. 147 

liotly pnrsnod by Sheridan, and, on the 9th of April, Lee sur- 
roiulered to Grant. 

What is said of siibsequent events ? 

From this period the history of the war is but a record of 
National successes in the surrender of the several remaining 
Confederate commanders. 

How were tJie peopWs rejoicings turned into sorrow f 

In less than a week after Lee's surrender, President Lincoln 
was assassinated by a desperado acting in sympathy with the 
Confederate cause. He died on the following morning, April 
15th. 

Who tlien 'became President? 

The Vice-President, Andrew Johnson of Tennessee, thereupon 
became President, retaining the cabinet of his predecessor. 

What was the fate of the person who shot Mr. Lincoln? 

The assassin of the lamented President eluded pursuit until 
llie 26th, when, having been tracked to his hiding-place and 
refusing to surrender, he was shot. 

What important measures icere talcen ty the new President ? 

President Johnson soon removed restrictions on commerce in 
the South, following up the work of "reconstructing the Union," 
by addressing a proclamation of amnesty to the people theru 

WJiat can you state of Davis? 

Jefferson Davis, after abandoning Eichmond, fled to Georgia, 
where he was captured. He was then put in confinement at 
Portress Monroe. 

What can you state of the abolition of slavery? 

A resolution of Congress, proposing the abolition of slavery, 
having been approved by three-fourths of the states, slavery 
was declared constitutionally abolished on the 18th of December. 



148 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 



CIIKONOLOGICAL TABLE 

OF IMPORTANT EVENTS RELATING TO THE HISTORY OP 
THE UNITED STATES. 

1492. America discovered. — 1497. Labrador discovered. — 1512. Florida 
discovered.— 1520. Carolina visited by De Ayllon. — 1524. Coast of North 
America explored by Verrazani. — 1528. Narvaez undertook to conquer 
Florida. — 1541. Mii^sissippi Eiver discovered. — 1562. Colony of Huguenots 
settled at Port Royal entrance. — 1565. St. Augustine founded. — 15S5. First 
attempt to form a settlement at Roanoke. — 1602. Cape Cod discovered.— 
1607. Jamestown settled. — 1609. Hudson River discovered. — 1614. New 
York settled.— 1620. Massachusetts settled.— 1621. Treaty made with Mus- 
sasoit.— 1623. New Hampshire settled. — 1633. Connecticut settled.— 1634. 
Maryland settUd.— 1636. Rhode Island settled.— 1637. Pequod War.— 
1638. Delaware settled. — 1643. Union of New England colonies. — 1645. 
Clayborne's Rebellion. — 1650. North Carolina settled.— 1651. The "Navi- 
gation Act" passed. — 1664. New Jersey settled. — 1670. South Carolina 
settled. — 1675. King Philip's War commenced. — 1676. "Bacon's Rebel- 
lion."— 1682. Pennsylvania settled.— 1689. King William's War com- 
menced. — 1690. Port Royal captured by the English. — 1697. King Wil- 
liam's War terminated. — 1702. Queen Anne's War commenced. — 1710. 
Port Rvoyal captured by the English. — 1713. Queen Anne's War terminated. 
— 1732. Washington born. — 1733. Georgia settled. — 1741. "The Negro 
Plot" in New York. — 1744. King George's War commenced. — 1745. Louis- 
burg captured by the English. — 174S. King George's War terminated.^ 
1754. Battle of the Great Meadows, Battle of Fort Necessity.— 1755 
French expelled from Nova Scotia, Braddock and Dieskau defeated.— 
1756. Oswego captured by the French. — 1757. Fort William Henry surren- 
dered to Montcalm. — 1758. Abercrombie defeated at Ticonderoga, Louis- 
burg taken by Amherst, Fort Frontenac surrendered to Bradstreet. — 1759. 
Ticonderoga and Crown Point abandoned by the French, Niagara surren 
dered to the English, Battle of Montmorenci, Battle of the Plains of Abra- 
ham, Quebec surrendered to the English. — 1760. Battle for the recovery 
of Quebec, Canada surrendered to the English. — 1763. Peace established 
between Great Britain and France. — 1765. Stamp Act passed, Colonial 
Congress met at New Y^'ork. — 1766. Stamp Act repealed. — 1767. Bill im- 
posing duties on glass, paper, <fec., passed. — 1770. "The Boston Massa- 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 149 

ere," Duties, except on tea, repealed. — 1113. Tea thrown overboard at 
Boston. — 1174 Meeting of "The First Continental Cong-resa" 

1775. Battle of Lexington, capture of Tieonderoga, Washington elected 
conimander-in-chlef, Battle of Bunker Hill, Capture of Montreal, Buttle 
of Quebec. 

1776. Norfolk destroyed, Boston evacuated by the British, Battle ol 
Fort Moultrie, Declaration of Independence, Battle of Long Island, New 
York city abandoned by the Americans, Battle of White Plains, of Fort 
Washington, of Trenton. 

1777. Battle of Princeton, Tryon's first expedition against Connecticut, 
Meigs's expedition, Burgoyne's invasion, Ticonderoga abandoned by the 
Americans, Battle of Hubbardton, Gen. Preseott captured. Murder of Alias 
McCrea, Fort Schuyler besieged, Battle of Oriskany, of Bennington, of 
Jjrandywine, of Bemia Heights, of Paoli, Philadelphia entered by tije 
British, Battle of Germantown, Forts Clinton and Montgomery captured 
by the British, Battle of Saratoga, Surrender of Burgoyne, British re- 
pulsed at Forts Mercer and Mifflin, Articles of Confederation adopted by- 
Congress, Fort Mifflin abandoned, Washington's army at Valley Forge. 

1778. Independence of the United States acknowledged by F-rance, 
Treaty of alliance with France, British commissioners sent to Americi*, 
Philadelphia evacuated by the British, Battle of Monmoutli, Battle of 
Wyoming, Battle of Ehode Island, Massacre at Cherry Valley, Buttle of 
Savannah. 

1779. Sunbury captured, Battle of Kettle Creek, Battle of Brier Creek, 
Tyron's second expedition against Connecticut, Battle of Stono Ferry, 
Tyrou's third expedition against Connecticut, Battle of Stony Point, Brit- 
ish garrison at Paulus Hook surprised. Battle of the Penobscot, Sullivan's 
expedition against the Indians, Battle of the Chemung, Jones's naval 
battle, D'Estaing and Lincoln repulsed at Savannah. 

1780. Charieston besieged by the British, Battle of Monk's Corner, 
Charleston surrendered to the British, Battle of Waxhaw, Battle of Spring- 
field, Battle of Kocky Mount, of Hanging Eock, of Sanders Creek, of 
Fishing Creek, Arnold's treason, Andre executed, Battle of King's Moun- 
tain. 

1781. Eevolt of the Pennsylvania troops. Battle of the Cowpens, Ar- 
nold's depredation in Virginia, Cornwallis's pursuit of Morgan and Greene, 
Articles of Confederation ratified by the States, Battle of Guilford Court- 
house, of Hobkirk's Hill, Siege of Ninety-Six, Col. Hayne executed, Ar- 
nold's expedition against Connecticut, Battle of Fort Griswold, of Eutaw 
Springs, Siege of Yorktown, Surrender of Cornwallis. 

1782. Preliminary articles of peace signed at I'aris, Cvssation oi' ho.sl';ii- 



150 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 

ties proclaimed in the American army, Definitive treaty of peace signed at 
Paris, American army disbanded, New York evacuated by the British. 

1783. Washington resigns his commission. — 1787. Sluiys's Kebellion, Con- 
stitution of the United States agreed upon by the convention of delegates 
at Philadelphia. — 1789. First Congress under the Constitution met at New 
York, Washington inaugurated. — 1790. Harmar defeated.— 1791. United 
States Bank established, Vermont admitted, St. Clair defeated. — 1792. 
Kentucky admitted.— 1793. Difficulties with France.— 1794. Battle of the 
Maumee, " Whisky Insurrection."— 1795. " Jay's Treaty" ratified.— 179ii. 
Tennessee admit' ed. — 1797. John Adams inaugurated. — 1799. Death of 
Washington. — 1800. Seat of government removed to Washington. — 1801. 
Thomas Jefferson inaugurated, War declared against the United States by 
Tripoli. — 1802. Ohio admitted.— 1803. Louisiana purchased. — 1804. Frigate 
Philadelphia destroyed, Duel between Hamilton and Burr.— 1805. Derne 
captured, Treaty of peace concluded with Tripoli. — 1806. Frigate Chesa- 
peake attacked. — 1807. British " Orders in Council" issued, British armed 
vessels ordered to leave the United States, Aaron Burr tried for treason, 
Bonaparte issued his "Berlin decree." — 1807. Embargo on American 
sliips laid by Congress. — 1809. James Madison inaugurated. — 1811. Action 
between the President and Little Belt, Battle of Tippecanoe. 

1812. Louisiana admitted. War against Great Britain proclaimed, Hull's 
invasion of Canada, Surrender of Fort Mackinaw, Two battles of Browns- 
town, Surrender of Detroit, British sloop Alert taken by the Essex, British 
frigate Guerriere taken by the Constitution, Battle of Queenstown, British 
brig Frolic taken by the Wasp, British frigate Macedonian taken by the 
United States, British frigate Java taken by the Constitution. 

1813. Battle of Frenciitown, British brig Peacock taken by the Hornet, 
Battle of York, Battle of Fort Meigs, Fort George-taken by the Americans, 
Battle of Sackett's Harbor, American frigate Chesapeake taken by the 
Slianuon, Battle of Fort Stephenson, American brig Argus taken by the 
Pelican, Cretk War, British brig Boxer taken by the Enterprise, Perry's 
victory, Battle of the Thames, Battle of Chrysler's Field. 

1814. American frigate Essex taken by the Phcebe and Cherub, Battle of 
La Colle Mill, British brig Epervier taken by the Peacock, British sloop 
Reindeer taken by the Wasp, Fort Erie captured by the Americans, Battle 
of Chippewa, of Lundy's Lane, of Fort Erie, of Bladensburg, City of 
Washii.gton taken by the British, British sloop Avon taken by the Wasp, 
McDonough's victory, Battle of Plattsburg, of North Point, of Fort Mc- 
ilenry, of Fort Bowyer, Second of Fort Erie, British driven from Pcnsa- 
cola. Buttle of Lake Borgne, Battle nine miles from New Orleans, Treaty 
of ppacc. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 151 

1S15. Battle of New Orleans, The U. S. frigate President captured by a 
British squadron, The Cyane and Levant taken by the Constitution, British 
brig Penguin taken by the Hornet, War with Algiers. — 1S16. Lidiana ad- 
mitted. — 1817. James Monroe inaugurated, Mississippi admitted, Tl-o 
Seminoles and Creeks commenced depredations. — 1818. Pensacola seizr J 
by Gen. Jackson, Blinois admitted. — 1819. Alabama admitted. — 182o 
Maine admitted, Florida ceded to the United States. — 1821. Missouri ad- 
mitted.— 1824. Lafayette's visit. — 1825. John Quincy Adams inaugurated. 
—1829. Andrew Jackson inaugurated. — 1832. "Nullification" in South 
Carolina. — 1835. War with the Seminoles, Gen. Thompson and friends 
massacred. Major Dade and party massacred. — 1836. Arkansas admitted. 
— 1837. Michigan admitted, Martin Van Buren inaugurated. Battle of 
Okechobee. — 18 il. Vv^illiam Henry Harrison inaugurated, Death of Har- 
rison, John Tyler inaugurated. — 1845, James K. Polk inaugurated, Florida 
admitted, Texas admitted. 

1S4«. Thornton's party captured, Battle of Palo Alto, of Eesaca de hi 
Palma, of Monterey, of Bracito, Iowa admitted. 

1847. Battle of Buena Vista, of Sacramento, Surrender of Vera Cruz to 
Gen. Scott, Battle of Ccrro Gordo, of Contrerasand Churubusco, of Molino 
del Key, of Chapultepec, City of Mexico entered by the Americans, Battle 
of Huamautla. 

1848. Treaty of peace, Wisconsin admitted. — 1849. Zachary Taylor in- 
augurated. — 1850. Death of Taylor, Millard Fillmore inaugurated, Cali- 
fornia admitted. — 1853. Franklin Pierce inaugurated. — 1857. James Bu- 
chanan inaugurated. — 1858. Minnesota adtnittcd. — 1859. Oregon admitted. 
—1860. South Carolina passed an ordinance of "secession," Major Ander- 
son withdrew to Fort Sumter. 

1861. Kansas admitted, The steamer Star of the West fired into, A so- 
called " Confederate Government" organize.!," Jefferson Davis inaugurated 
President of the *' Confederacy," Abrahntn Lincoln inaugurated Presid -rit 
of the United Statcfs, Bombardment of Fort Sumter, Volunteer troops attacked in 
Baltimore, Coufederate victory at Big Betliel, Battle of Booneville, of Carthage, 
of Bull Run, of Wilson's Creek, Union success at Hatteras Inlet, Battle of Lexing 
ion, Union success at Port Boyal entrance, Captarc of Mason and Slidell. 

1S62. Battle of Mill Spring, of Fort Henry, of Eoanoke Island, of Fort Dojid- 
son, of I\a Kidge, Attack by the Merrimac, Engagement between the Monitor and 
Mt-rrimac, Battle of "Winchester, of Pittsburg Landing or Shiloh, Capture of Ishuid 
No. 10, of Fort Pulaski, of New Orleans, Battle of Williamsburg, of Fair Oaks, 
Mcmjdiis surrendered to the Unionists, Seven days' contest on the Virginia i>enin- 
sulu, The President calls for tlu-ec hundred thousand troops, Battle of Cedar Mouu- 



152 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 

tain, Pope's battles between Manassas and ■Wasliingtou, Battle of Ilichmoiid (Ky.), 
Lee's inyasion of Maryland, Battle of South Mountain, Harper's Ferry surrendered, 
Battle of Antietam, of Munforflsville, of luka, of Corinth, of Perryville, of Fred- 
ericksburg. 

18(j3. Emancipation Proclamation issued, Battle of Murfreesboro, of Arkansas 
Post, of Port Gibson, of Chancellorsvllle, Lee's second invasion of Maryland West 
Virginia adnnitted. Battle of Gettysburg, Vi -ksburg and Port Hudson surrendered 
to the Unionists, Ptiot in New York City, Battle of Chickamauga, of Chattanooga, 
of Knoxville. 

18&i. Battle of Olustee, Grant made Lieutenant-General, Expedition ngainst 
Shreveport, Battle of Fort Pillow, of the Wilderness, of Spottsylvania Court-House 
Battle between the Kearsarge and Alabama, Early's invasion of Maryland, Battle of 
Monocacy, Sherman's campaign against Atlanta and to the sea-coast, Meade's against 
Eichmond, CFnion success in Mobile Bay, Nevada admitted. Battle of Franklin, of 
Nashville, Savannah surrendered to the Unionists. 

1365. Fort Fisher, Columbia, Charleston, Wilmington, Petersburg, siid V.:<:h- 
nioud captured, Surrender of Lee, President Lincoln assassir.ati^d. Aiuhvw Johi.^oii 
Inaugurated, Jefferson Davis captured, Slavery declared abolisibcd 



PRKSIIJENTS. SETTLEMENT OF STATES. 



153 



rPwESIDENTS AND VICE-PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES 



NO. 


PKESIDgMTS. 


OF WHAT 
STATE. 


INjiUGURATED. 


TICr.-PKSSIDEMS. 

John Adams. 
Thomas Jefferson. 
Aaron Burr. 
George Clinton. 
George Clinton. 
Kibridge Garry. 
Daniel I). Tompkins. 
John C. Calhoun. 
John C. Calhoun. 
.Martin Van Buren. 
Richard M. Johnson. 
John Tyler. 

George M. Dallas. 
Millard Fillmore. 

William R King. 
John ('. Breckinridge. 
Hannibal Hamlin. 
Andrew Johnson. 


1. 

2. 
3. 

4. 
5. 
6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 
10. 
11. 
12. 
13. 
14. 
15. 

16. 

17. 


(Jeorge Washington.. 


Virgii.ia 

Massachusetts. . 
Virginia 


April 30, 1789 

March 4 1797 


Thomas Jefiferson 

James Madison 

James Monroe 

John Q. Adams 

Andrew Jackson 

Martin Van Bnren . . . 
William H. Harrison. 


March 4, 1801 . . . 

March 4, 1809... 
March 4 181? ... 


:| 


Virginia 

Virginia 

Massachusetts. . 

Tennessee 

New York 




March 4, 1829... 
March 4 1837 . 


■\ 




Virginia ....... 

Tennessee 

Louisiiina 

New York 

N. Hampshire . 
Pennsylvania.. 

Illinois 




James K. Polk 

Zachiiry Ta.vlor 

.Millard Fillmore 

Franklin Pierce 

James Buchanan 

Abraham Lincoln 

AudreTT Johnson 




March 5, 1849 


Jniy 10 1850 


March 4, 1853 


March 4, 1861... 
April 15. 1S65 


i 


Tennessee 



SETTLEMENT AND ADMISSION OP THE STATES. 



Virginia 

New York 

Massachusetts . , 
New Hampahiro 

Connecticut 

Maryland 

Rhode Island . . . 

Delaware 

North Carolina. 

New Jersey 

South C/arolina. . 
Pennsylvania . . . 

Georgia 

Vermont 

Kentucky 

Tennessee 

Ohio 

Ijouisiana 

Indiana 

Mississippi 

Illinois , 

Alabama 

Maine 

Missouri , 

Arkansas , 

Michigan , 

Florida 

Texas 

Iowa 

Wisconsin 

(California 

Minnesota 

Oregon . 

Kansas 

West Virginia ., 
Nevada 



When. 



1607 
1614 
1620 
1623 
1633 
1634 
1636 
1638 
1650 
1664 
1670 
1682 
173:5 
1724 
1775 
1757 
1788 
1699 
1730 
1716 
1J20 
1711 
16:'5 
1764 
lGr'5 
1670 
15(i5 
1692 
lS:-i3 
1669 
1769 
1845 
1811 



Where. 



Jamestown 

New York 

Plymouth 

Liitle Harbor 

Windsor 

St. Mary's 

Providence 

Wilmington 

Chowan River 

Elizabeth 

Ashley River. . . . , 

Philadelphia 

Savannah 

Fort Dumraer. . .. 

Boonesboro 

Fort Loudon , 

Marietta 

Iberville 

Vincennes 

Natchez 

Kaskaskia 

Mobile 

Bristol 

St. Louis 

Arkansas Post 

Detroit 

St. Augustine 

S. A. I)e Bexar .. 

Burlington 

Green Bay 

San Diego 

St. Paul 

Astoria 



By Whom. 

Knglish 

Dutch 

Knglish 

Knglish 

Ki'glish 

Engli..h 

English 

Swedes 

English 

Dutch 

English 

English 

English 

English 

English 

English 

English 

French 

French 

French 

French 

French 

French 

French 

French 

French 

Spaniards .... 
Spaniards .. . . 

English 

French 

Spaniards .. .. 

Americans 

Americans.. .. 

Americans 

English 

Americans 



Hi* 



Eh* 

1791 
1792 
1796 
1802 
1812 
1816 
1817 
1818 
1619 
1820 
1821 
1&X6 
1^.37 
1845 
1845 
1846 
1848 
1850 
1858 
1859 
1861 
1863 
1864 



THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



A Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of 
America^ in Congress assembled, July ith, 1776. 

When, in tlio course of human events, it becomes neces- 
sary for one people to dissolve the political bpuds which 
have connected them with another, and to ass irae, among 
the powers of the earth, the separate and eq\al station to 
which the laws of nature and of nature's Go . entitle them, 
a decent respect to the opinions of manki .d requires that 
they should declare the causes which impel them to the 
separation. 

AVe hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are 
created equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with 
certain unalienable rights ; that among these, are life, liberty, 
and the pursuit of happiness. That, to secure these rights, 
governments are instituted among men, deriving their just 
powers from the consent of the governed; that, whenever 
any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, 
it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to 
institute a new government, laying its foundation on such 
principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to 
them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happi- 
ness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long 
established, should not be changed for light and transient 
causes ; and, accordingly, all experience hath shown, that 
mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are snffer- 
able, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms , * 
which they are accustomed. But, when a long train of 
abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object 
evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it 



4 DECLARATIOI^ OF INDEPENDENCE. 

is their right, it is their duty, to throw oflF such government, 
and to provide new guards for their future security. Such 
has been the patient sufterance of these colonies, and such 
is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their for- 
mer systems of government. The history of the present king 
of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usur 
nations, all having, in direct object, the establishment of an 
absolute tyranny over these states. To prove this, let facts 
be submitted to a candid world : — 

He has refused his assent to laws the most Vv'holesome and 
4. tcessary for the public good. 

He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate 
and pressing importance, unless suspended in their opera- 
tion till his assont should be obtained ; and, when so sus- 
pended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. 

He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation 
of large districts o' people, unless those people would relin- 
quish the right of lepresentation in the legislature ; a right 
inestimable to them, and formidable to tyrants only. 

He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, 
uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their pub- 
lic records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into com- 
p.liance with his measures. 

He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for op- 
posing, with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of 
the people. 

He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to 
cause others to be elected ; whereby the legislative powers, 
incapable of annihilation, have returned to the people at 
large for their exercise ; the state remaining, in the mean 
time, exposed to all the danger of invasion from without, 
and convulsions within. 

He has endeavored to prevent the population of these 
states ; for that purpose, obstructing the laws for naturaliza- 
tion of foreigners ; refusing to pass others to encourage their 

'^ration hither, and raising the conditions of new appro- 
priations of lands. 

He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refus- 
ing his assent to 1/ ' f ( " estabhshing judiciary powers. 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 5 

He hns made judges dependent on his will alono, for the 
tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of then- 
sal arias. 

He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither 
swarms of officers to harass our people, and eat out their 
substance. 

He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, 
without the consent of our legislature. 

He has affected to render the military independent of, 
and superior to, the civil power. 

He has combined, with others, to subject us to a jurisdic- 
tion foreign to our constitution, and unacknov.'ledged by our 
laws ; giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation • 

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : 

For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment,' 
for any murders which they should commit on the inhabi- 
tants of these states: 

For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world : 

For imposing taxes on us without our consent : 

For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by 
jury : 

For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended 
offences : 

For abolishing the free system of English laws in a, neigh- 
boring province, establishing therein an arbitrary govern- 
ment, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to render it at once 
an example and fit instrument for introducing the same ab- 
solute rule into these colonies : 

For taking away our charters, abolishing our most val- 
uable laws, and altering, fundamentally, the powers of our 
governments : 

For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring them 
selves invested with power to legislate for us in all case* 
whatsoever. 

He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out 
of his protection, and waging war against us. 

He has plundered our seas, ravaged orr coasts, burnt our 
towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. 

He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign 



6 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 

mercenaries to complete the works of death, desoJation, and 
tyranny, ah'eady begnn, with circumstances of cruelty and 
{icrfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and 
totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. 

lie has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on 
the high seas, to bear arms against their countr}'', to become 
the executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall 
themselves by their hands. 

He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has 
endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the 
merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an 
undistinguished destruction, of all ages, sexes, and condi- 
tions. 

In every stage of these oppressions, we have petitioned 
for redress, in the most humble terms ; our repeated peti- 
tions have been answered only by repeated injury. A 
prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which 
may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. 

Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British 
brethren. We have warned them, from time to time, of 
attempts made by their legislature to extend an unwarrant- 
able jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the 
cii'cumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We 
have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and 
we have conjured them, by the ties of our common kindred, 
to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably inter- 
rupt our connections and correspondence. They, too, have 
been deaf to the voice of justice and consanguinity. Wc 
must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces 
our separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of man- 
kind, enemies in war, in peace, friends. 

We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of 
America, in general Congress assembled, appealing to the 
Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our inten- 
tions, do, in the name, and by the authority of the good 
people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare, that 
these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and 
independent states ; that they are absolved from all allegi- 
ance to the British crown, and that all political connectioi. 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 7 

between them and the state of Great Britain, is, and onglit 
to be, totally dissolved; and that, as free and independent 
states, they have full powder to levy war, conclude peace, con- 
tract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts 
and things which independent states may of right do. And, 
for the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on 
the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to 
each other, our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. 

The foregoing declaration was, by order of Congress, en- 
grossed, and signed by the following members : 

JOHN HANCOCK. 



Neio Hampshire. 
Josiah Bartlett, 
William Whipple, 
Matthew Thornton. 

Massachusetts Bay, 
Samuel Adams, 
John Adams, 
Robert Treat Paine, 
Klbridge Gerry. 

Rhode Island. 
Stephen Hopkins, 
William Ellery. 

Connecticut 
Roger Sherman, 
Samuel Huntington, 
William Williams, 
Oliver Wolcott. 

New York. 
William Floyd, 
Philip Livingston, 
Francis Lewis, 
Lewis Morris. 



New Jersey. 
Richard Stockton, 
John Witherspoon, 
Francis Hopkinson, 
John Hart, 
Abraham Clark. 

Pennsylvania. 
Robert Morris, 
Benjamin Rush, 
Benjamin Franklin, 
John Morton, 
George Clymer, 
James Smith, 
George Taylor, 
James Wilson, 
George Ross. 

Delaware. 
Csesar Rodney, 
George Read, 
Thomas M'Kean. 

Maryland. 
Samuel Chase, 
William Faca, 
Thomas Stone, 



Charles Carroll, of Car 
rollton. 

Virginia. 
George Wythe, 
Richard Henry Lee, 
Thomas Jeftersoii, 
Benjamin Harrison, 
Thomas Nelson, jun., 
Francis Lighttbot Lee, 
Carter Braxton. 

North Carolina. 
William Hooper, 
Joseph Hewes, 
John Penn. 

Sotdh Carolina. 
Edward Rutledge, 
Thomas Heyward, jois,; 
Thomas Lynch, jun., 
Arthur Middleton. 

Georgia. 
Button Gwinnett, 
Lyman Hall, 
George Walton. 



THE CONSTITUTION 



OF 



THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 



1. UxnEii what kind of government were the American colonies bef(M-3 
ill./ liovolutiun? Jus. The American colonies, prior to the Ecvoiution, 
were ruled by colonial government. 2. What forms of colonial govern- 
ment were there ? Ans. There were three forms of colonial government 
the Provincial or Koyal government, the Proprietary government, and 
the Charter government. 3. What was the Provincial government? 
Ans. The Provincial government was that which was under the con- 
trol of a governor, who, appointed by the king, ruled accoi'ding to in- 
structions" from his royal master. 4. Which of the colonies were under 
Provincial government? An-s. The colonies under Provincial govern- 
ment were New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Virginia, North Car- 
olina, South Carolina, and Georgia. 5. What was the Proprietary gov- 
ernment? Ajis. Tlie Proprietary governm.ent was that which was under 
the control of one or more proprietors, by authority of a grant and privi- 
leges conferred by the king. 6. Which of the colonies were under Pro- 
prietary government? 4ns. The colonies under Proprietary govern- 
ment were Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland. 7. What was tLe 
Charter government? Ans. The Charter government was that wherein 
certain political rights were secured to the people by royal charter. 8. 
Which of the colonies were under Charter government? Ans. The colonies 
under Charter government were Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Con- 
necticut. 9. When did the colonies throw off their colonial form of govern- 
ment? Ans. In 1776, upon the recommendation of Congress, most of the 
colonies declared their political connection with Great Britain at an end, 
and proceeded to adopt state constitutions. 10. When did the states 
unite under one government? Ans. The Articles of Confederation, unit- 
ing the thirteen states under one general government, were adopted by 
Conoress in 1777 ; but, in consequence of delay on the part of the sever- 
al sfates to ratify, the Confederation was not complete till_1781._ 11. 
How long did the Confederation exist? Ans. The Confederation existed 
from the ratification of the Articles, in 1781, to the time when the Con 
stitution went into effect, on the 4th of March, 1789 



CONSTITUTION" OF THE UNITED STATES. 9 

PREAMBLE. 

We, the people of the United States, in order to form a 
more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tran- 
quillity, provide for the common defence, promote the 
general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to our- 
selves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this 
Constitution for the United States of America. 

ARTICLE L 

THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. 

SECTION I. 

All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a 
Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Sen- 
ate and House of Representatives. 

SECTION II. 

1st Clause. Tlie House of Representatives shall be com 
posed of members chosen every second year by the peopk 
of the several states, and the electors in each state shall have 
the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous 
branch of the the state legislature. 

Preamble. — 12. What is the introductory part of the Constitution called ? 
15. What is the object of the preamble? Ans, The object of the preamble 
is to state the purposes of the Constitution. 14. How many and what 
purposes are stated in the preamble ? 15. By whom was the Constitu- 
tion ordained and established? 16. Recite the preamble. 17. How many 
and what departments of government are established under the Consti- 
tution ? Ans. The Constitution establishes three great departments of 
government : the legislative, the judicial, and the executive. 18. What is 
the legislative department ? Ans. The legislative department is the pow- 
er that enacts the laws. 19. What is the executive department? Ans. 
The executive department is the power that enforces the laws. 20. What 
is the judicial department ? Ans. The judicial department is the power 
that interprets the laws. 

ARTICLE L 

THE LEQISLATIVB DEPARTMENT. 

Sec. 1. — 21. Of what does Article first of the Constitution treat? 22. 
In whom is the legislative power vested? 23. Of how many and what 
branches does Congress consist ? 

Sec. II. — 1st Clatise. — 24. By r bom are the representatives chosen ? 
25. How often are they chosen? 26. What qualitications are requisite 
for electors of representatives? 27. What is an elector? Ans, An elec- 
tor is one who hm the right to vote in chcDsiuii, an officer. 



10 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Id Clause. No person shall be a representative who shall 
not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been 
^even years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, 
when elected, be an inhabitant of that state in which he 
shall be chosen. 

3c? Clause. Representatives and direct taxes shall be ap- 
portioned among the several states which may be included 
within this Union, according to their respective numbers, 
which shall be determined by adding to the whole number 
of free persons, including those bound to service for a term 
of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fiftlis of all 
other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made with- 
in three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the 
United States, and within every subsequent term of teii 
years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The 
number of representatives shall not exceed one for every 
thirty thousand, but^ach state shall have at least one repre- 
sentative ; and until such enumeration shall be made, th.e 
Ktate of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, 
Massachusetts eight, Khode Island and Providence Planta- 
tions one, Connecticut five. New York six. New Jersey four, 
Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, 
North Carolina five. South Carolina five, and Georgia three. 

Ath Clause. AYhen vacancies happen in the representation 



M Clause. — 28. How old must a person be before he can be a represent- 
ative? 29. How lonw must he have been a citizen of the United States? 
&0. What is the requisite in regard to his habitation V 31. Now name 
the three qualifications requisite for a representative. Zd Ch.use. — 32. 
How are representatives and direct taxes apportioned among the states? 
83. How are the respective numbers of the representative population of 
the several states to be determined ? 34. What provision is made in re- 
gard to Indians? 35. What is meant by "all other persons?" Ans. By 
*' all other persons" are meant slaves. 36. When was the first census or 
enumeration to be made ? 37. How often thereafter is the census to be 
made? 38. How many inhabitants at .feast are required for one repre- 
sentative ? 39. If a state should not have that number, what is the law ? 
40. Was the first representation in Congress based upon the actual pop- 
ulation of the several states? 41. Which state at first sent the greatest 
number of representatives ? 42. Which two states sent the smallest num- 
ber? 43. Of how many members did the first House of Representatives 
i»nsist? 44. Of how many does the present House consist? Anft. *-:s. 
A:th Clavse, — 45. H-^'^f are vacancies in the representation of a state tr ">? 
filled ? 



CON'STTTUTION" OF THE UNITED STATE6. H 

from anv state, the executive authority thereof shall issnc 
writs of election to fill such vacancies. 

bth Clause. The House of Representatives shall choose 
their speaker and other officers ; and shall have the sole 
power of impeachment. 

SECTION III. 

1st Clause. The Senate of the United States shall be coin- 
posed of two senators from each state, chosen by the legis- 
lature thereof, for six years ; and each senator shall have one 
vote. 

2d Clause. Immediately after they shall be assembled in 
consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as 
equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the sena- 
tors of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of 
the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the 
fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the 
sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second 
year; and if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, 
during the recess of the legislature of any state, the execu- 
tive thereof may make temporary ap|)ointments until the 
next meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill such 
vacancies. 

hth Clause. — 46. By whom is the speaker of the House of Representa- 
tives chosen ? 47. By whom are the other officers of the House chosen ? 
4.8. What sole power has the House? 49. What is meant by impeach- 
ment? Ans. An impeachment i:> an accusation against a public officer, 
charging him with misconduct in the discharge of his official duties. 

Skc. III. — ist Clause. — 50. Of whom is the'Senate composed? 51. By 
whom are the senators chosen? 52. For how long a period are they cho- 
sen? 53. How does the mode of electing a senator dittbr from that of a 
representative? Ans. A senator of the United States is chosen by the 
legislature of his state ; a representative is chosen by the people. 54, 
How do their terms of office differ? A./is. A senator is chosen for six 
years ; a representative for only two. 55. How many votes is each sen- 
ator entitled to? 56. Have the large states any more senators than the 
small ou'^js? 2d Clause. — 57. Into how many classes were the senators at 
first divided? 58. In what order were their seats of office vacated? 59. 
What proportion of the Senate is elected every 2d year? 60. How often is 
one-third elected? 61. When may the executive of a state fill a vacancy 
in the Senate? 62. For how long a time does a senator so ap{)ointed 
hold his office? 63. How is the vacancy then filled? 64. Now state ho^ 
vacancies in the Senate are tilled. 



12 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

3c? Clause. No person shall be a senator who shaL n>)t 
have attained to the age of-thirty years, and been nine years 
a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when 
elected, be an inhabitant of that state for which he shall be 
chosen. 

4//i Clause. The vice-president of the United States shall 
be president of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless 
they be equally divided. 

bth Clause. The Senate shall choose their other officers, 
and also a president pro tempore, in the absence of the vice- 
president, or when he shall exercise the office of president 
of the United States. 

Qth Clause. The Senate shall have the sole power to try 
all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they 
shall all be on oath or affirmation. When the president of 
the United States is tried, the chief-justice shall preside : 
and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence 
of two-thirds of the members present. 

1th Clause. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not 
extend further than to removal from office, and disqualifica- 
tion to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit 
under the United States; but the party convicted shall nev- 
ertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judg- 
ment and punishment, according to law. 

M Giuuse. — 65. How old must a person be before he can be a senator? 
66. How long roust he have been a citizen of the United States? 67. 
What is required of him in regard to residence? 68. Now name the 
three requisites for a senator. 69. How do they differ from those of a 
representative? (See page 11.) Uh Clause. — 70. Who is president of 
the Senate? 71. When only is he entitled to vote? bth Clause. — 72. What 
officers are chosen by the Senate ? 73. What is meant by a " president 
pro tempore ?" Ans. A " president pro tempore " is one chosen only for 
the time being. 74. When does the Senate choose a "president pro tem- 
pore?" Uh Clause. — 75. What sole power has the Senate? 76. What 
sole power has the House? (Seepage 10.) 77. Under what solemnity 
does the Senate sit for the trial of impeachment? 78. When does the 
chief-justice preside in the Senate? 7y. Who presides when the presi- 
dent of the United States is tried ? 80. What proportion of the Senate is 
necessary to a conviction? ^th Clause. — 81. How far may judgment ex- 
tend in cases of impeachment? S2. To what is the convictedpaity fuj« 
ther liable ? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 13 



SECTION IV. 

1st Clause. The times, places and manner of liokling elec- 
tions for senators and representatives, shall be prescribed in 
each state by the legislature thereof; but the Congress may 
at any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as 
to the places of choosing senators. 

2d Clause. The Congress shall assemble at least once in 
every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday 
in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different 
day. 

SECTION V. 

1st Clause. Each house shall be the judge of the elections 
returns and qualifications of its own members, and a majority 
of each shall constitute a quorum to do business ; but & 
smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may b( 
authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, ii 
such manner, and under such penalties as each hoiise ma} 
provide. 

2d Clause. Each house may determine the rules of its pro 
ceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and 
with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member. 

8d Clause. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceed- 
ings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such 
parts as may in their judgment require secrecy; and the 
yeas and nays of the members of either house on any ques- 
tion, shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be en- 
tered on the journal. 

Sec. IY. — 1-st Clause. — 83. What is prescribed by each state lep;islature 
in regard to elections for senators and representatives? 84. What power 
has Congress over such reguhitions? 2d CUmse. — 85. How often does 
Congress assemble ? 8ti. ()u what day is it prescribed that the meeting 
shall take place? 87. May a different day be appointed ? 88. How? 

Skc. V. — \st Clause. — 89. Of what is each house constituted the judge: 
90. What proportion constitutes a quorum ? 91. What is meant by a 
quorum? Ans. By a quorum is meant a sufficient number to do busi 
ness. 92. What power do a smaller number possess, as regards ad 
iouruing? 93. What else may they do, as regards absentees? ^d Chus 
9i. What power has each hoiise, over the rules of its proceedings? 9; 
What power does each house possess for enforcing its rules? 2>d Cl.uusi. 
96. What is required of each house, in respect to keeping a journal ? 97 
How is publicity given to the proceedings of Congress ? 98. What part 
(it its journal may either house withhold from publication ? 



14 COIsSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Ath Clause Neither bouse, during tlie session of Congress 
sliall, witliont the consent of the other, adjonrn for ir.ore 
tlian three days, nor to any other place than that in vviriciJ 
the two houses shall be sitting. 

SECTION VI. 

\st Clause. The senators and representatives shall receive 
a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, 
and paid out of the treasury of the United States. They 
shall, in all cases, except treason, felony and breach of the 
peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at 
the session of their respective houses, and in going to and 
returnina; from the same ; and for any speech or debate in 
either house, they shall not be questioned in any other place. 

2d Clause. No senator or representative shall, during the 
time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil of- 
fice under the authority of the United States, which shall 
have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have 
been increased during such time ; and no person holding any 
office under the United States, shall be a member of either 
house during his continuance in office. 

SECTION VII. 

\st Clause. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in 

99. When sluill the yeas aucl nays be entered on the journal V 4th 
cL use.— 100. For what' length of time may either house adjourn without 
the consent of the other? loi. How 's each house restricted as regards 
the place to which it may adjourn ? 

Skc. Yh— 1st Clause.— 102. Are Members of Congress compensated foi 
their services? 103. How is the compensation determined? 104. Arc 
members of Congres.s paid bv their states, respectively, or by the generiil 
government? Ans. The senators and representatives in Congress are 
not compensated for their services by the individual states, but by the 
general government, out of the treasury of the United States. 105. 
What pers(!nal privileges are members of Congress entitled to? lOG. 
What are the three exceptions to the general privilege that tha Consutu- 
ti')n allows to Congressmen? 107. In what does treason consist? (See 
pasre 30.) 108. What is felony? Ans. A felony is understood to mean a 
crime punishable with death."^ lO'J. What is ineant by a breach of the 
peace? Ans. " A breach of the peace is a violation of the public order. 
1 10. For what are members of Congress not to be questioned i 2d Clause. 
n 1. To what offices cannot members of Congress be elected? 112. Siij)- 
poae that a person holds an office under the United States, what then ? 



C02s^STITUTIC N OF THE UNITED STATES. 1''^ 

the House of Kepresentatives ; but the Senate mar propose 
or concur with auiendments as on other bills. 

2d Claxse. Every bill which shall have passed the House 
of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become 
a law, be presented to the president of the United States ; 
if he approve lie shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, 
with his objections to that house in which it shall have orig- 
inated, who shall enter the o.bjections at large on their jour- 
nal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsider- 
ation two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it 
shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other 
house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if ap- 
proved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. 
But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be de- 
termined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons 
voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal 
of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned 
by the president within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it 
shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in 
like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by 
their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall 
not be a. law\ 



Sec. VII. — \st Clause. — 113. lu which branch of Conj^rcss must all bills 
for raising revenue originate ? 114. What power has the Senate over 
such bills'? 2d Clause. — 115. After a bill has passed both houses of Con- 
gress, what must be done with it ? 116. What must the president do with 
the bill? 117. What is the president's act of objecting to a bill called? 
Ans. The president's act of returning a bill with his objections, is called 
a veto. 118. Why was the veto power given to the president ? Ans. The 
veto power was given to the president to enable him to protect the exec- 
utive department of the government against the encroachments of the 
legislature ; also with a view to greater security against the enactment 
of improper laws. 119. When the president vetoes a bill, what is the 
duty of the house to which it is sent? 120. When is the bill sent to the 
otiier house? 121. What accompanies the bill to the other house ? 122. 
Then what does that other house do with the bill? 123. If two-thirds 
npjn-ove of the bill, what then? 124. Now state how a bill may become 
a law, notwithstanding the veto of the president ? 125. When the two 
nouses reconsider a vetoed bill, how do they dettrmiue the votes? 126, 
Wliat record cf names is imperative? 127. State how a bill may become 
«. l.uv, even though the president has neither signed nor vetoed it. 128. 
Id what case does a bill fail to become a law, though it has passed 
*i »h houses of Congress, and is not vetoed? 



16 CONSTITUTION OF THE tlNITED STATES. 

dd Clause. Every order, resolution, or vote to wliicli tlio 
concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may 
be necessary (except on a question of adjournment) shall be 
presented to the president of the United States; and before 
the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or being 
disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the 
Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules 
and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. 

SECTION VIII. 

The Congress shall liave pov^er 

1st Clause. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and 
excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defence 
and general welfare of the United States ; but all duties, im- 
posts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United 
States ; 

2d Clause. To borrow money on the credit of the United 
States; 

3(i Clause. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, 
and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes ; 

4th Clause. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, 

2,d Clause. — 129. What is necessary to be done with orders, resolutions, 
and votes, requiring the concurrence of both houses before they can take 
ell'ect? 130. What is the object of the provision ? Ans. If it were nut for 
the provision Congress might pass laws, calling them orders or resolu- 
tions, and thus evade the president's veto. 131. When the president ve- 
toes an order, resolution, or vote, what course does it take? 132. In what 
case, requiring the concurrent action of both houses, has the president 
no veto power ? 

Sec. VIIL— Is^ Clavse. — 133. What power has Congress in regard to 
taxes, duties, imposts and excises? 134. What are taxes? Avs. Taxes 
are contributions of money exacted by government from individuals, for 
public purposes. 135. How many kinds of taxes are there? Ans. Theie 
are two kinds of taxes ; direct and indirect. 136. What are direct taxes? 
Ans. Direct taxes are those laid directly on the person or property of in- 
dividuals. 137. What are indirect taxes ? Ans. Indirect taxes are those 
laid on the importation, exportation, and consumption of goods. 138. 
What are duties? Ans. Duties are taxes on the importation or exporta- 
tion of goods. 139. What are imposts ? Ans. Imposts are taxes on 
goods imported. 140. W^hat are excises ? Ans. Excises are taxes on goods 
produced or manufactured in the country. 2d Clause. — 141. What power 
has Congress in regard to borrowing money? Zd Clause. — 142. What in 
regard to regulating commerce? 4^A Clause. — 143. What in regard to a 
rule of naturalization ? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 1 7 

and iwiform laws on the subject of bankruptcies tlirongliout 
United States; 

5th Clause. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, 
and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and 
measures ; 

Qth Clause. To provide for the punishment of counter- 
feiting the securities and current coin of the United States *, 

*Jth Clause. To establish post-offices and post-roads ; 

^th Clause. To promote the progress of science and use- 
ful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inven- 
tors the exclusive right to their respective writings and dis- 
coveries ; 

'dth Clause. To constitute tribunals inferior to the su- 
preme court; 

\{)th Clause. To define and punish piracies and felonies 
committed on the high seas, and ojffences against the law of 
nations; 

144. What is meant by naturalization ? Arts. Naturalization means the 
act by which a foreigner becomes a citizen of the United States. 145. 
Huw' long must a person reside in the United States before he can be 
naturalized ? Ans. A foreigner is required to reside at least five years in 
the United States before he can be naturalized. 146. What power has 
Congress in regard to bankruptcies? 147. What is meant by bankrupt- 
cies V Ans. A person is a bankrupt when he is unable to pay his just 
debts, bth Clavse. — 148. What power has Congress in regard to coining 
money? 149. What, in regard to the value of money? 150. What, in 
regard to foreign coins ? 151. What, in regard to weights and measures ? 
Uk Clause. — 152. What power has Congress in regard to counterfeiting ? 
1th Clause. — 153. What, in regard to post-offices and post-roads? 8^A 
Cl.iuse. — 154. In what way may Congress promote the progress of sci- 
ence and arts ? 155. For how long a time is the author of a book entitled 
to the exclusive right of publishing it ? Ans. The author of a book is 
entitled to the exclusive right of publishing it, for the term of twenty- 
eight years. 156. What is the right called ? Ans. The exclusive right 
to publish a book is termed a copyright. 157. May a copyright be re- 
newed ? Ans. At the expiration of the twenty-eight years, tne copyright 
may be renewed for the further period of fourteen years. 158. For how 
long a time is the inventor of a machine entitled to the exclusive right of 
manufacturing it ? Ans. The inventor of a machine is entitled to the ex- 
clusive right of manufacturing it, for a term of fourteen years. 159 
What is the right called ? Ans. The exclusive right to manufacture a 
machine is termed a patent right. 160. Can a patent right be extended ' 
Ans. The commissioner of patents is authorized at the end of the four- 
teen years, to extend the patent right, for the further period of seven 
years. 9^A Clause. — 161. What power has Congress in regard to judicial 
tribunals ? lO^A Clause. — 162. What, in regard to piracies, felonies, etc. • 



13 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

[\fJt Clause. To declare war, grant letters of marqne an-i 
reprisal, aud make rules concerning captures on land and 
water ; 

]2ih Clause. To raise and support armies, but no appro- 
priation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than 
two years ; 

13/A Clause. To provide and maintain a navy ; 

\4th Clause. To make rules for the government and regu- 
lation of the land and naval forces ; 

15^/i Clause. To provide for calling forth the militia to 
execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections and 
repel invasions ; 

IQth Clause. To provide for organizing, arming, and dis- 
ciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them 
as may be employed in the service of the United States, 
reserving to the states respectively, the appointment of the 
officers, and the authority of training the militia according 
to the discipline prescribed by Congress; 

11th Clause. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases 
whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles 
square) as may, by cession of particular states, and the ac- 

ir. 3. What is piracy? ^?<5. Piracy is robbery on the high seas. 164. 
What is meant by the term " high seas?" A7is. The "high seas" are all 
the waters of tlie ocean beyond the boundaries of low-watermark, lltk 
(]UiuM. — ] (i5. What power" has Congress in regard to declaring war ? 1(36- 
What in regard to " letters of marque and reprisal?" 167. What are 
letters of marque and reprisal ?" Ana. " Letters of marque and reprisal" 
sire commissions granted by the government to individuals, authorizing 
them to seize the persons and property of the citizens or subjects of a na- 
tion that refuses to make satisfaction for some injury which it has com- 
mitted. 168. What power has Congress in regard to rules concerning 
captures? \'Uh CUmse,—Wd. What power has Congress in regard to 
armies? 17ft. In what way is such power restricted ? lUli Clause.— 171. 
What power has Congress in regard to a navy ? Uth Clause. — 172. What 
power in regard to the government of the land and naval forces ? li'dJi 
Clause.— VJZ. What power, in regard to calling forth the militia, etc.? 
VMh Clause. — 174. What power, in regard to organizing armies, and dis- 
ciplining the militia ? 175. What in regard to governing the militia? 
176. What reservations are secured to the respective states? Tith Cluw^e. 
— 177. What power has Congress in regard to the seat of government, 
and to places purchased for certain pur])Oses set fortli ? l78. What is 
the disti-ict occupied by the seat of government called ? Anf. Tiie dis- 
trict occupied by the seat of the national government, is named The DU 
ij'vH, of Colunibij.. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 19 

ceptar.cc of Congress, become the seat of the government 
of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all 
places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the 
state in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, 
magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful build- 
ings ; — and 

I8th Clause. To make all laws which shall be necessary 
and propel- for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, 
and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the 
government of the United States, or in any department or 
officer thereof. 

SECTION IX. 

1st Clause. The migration or importation of such persons 
as any of the states now existing shall think proper to ad- 
mit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the 
year one thousand eiglit hundred and eight, but a tax or 
duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding 
ten dollars for each person. 

2d Clause. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus^ 
shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion o< 
invasion the public safety may require it. 



171). How large was the District of Columbia originally? Ans. Tlie 
District of Columbia was originall}^ a tract ten miles square. ISO. From 
what states had it been derived? Ans. It had been derived by cession, 
from the states of Maiyland and Virginia. 181. Is the District of Colum- 
bia at present ten mile's square? Ans. The portion which had been de- 
rived from Virginia, having been ceded back to that state in ls4ij, tlie 
District of Columbia is now confined to the Maryland side of the Poto- 
mac. 182. What consent is requisite before tlie United States can acquire 
pi operty in a state, for the erection of forts, magazines, etc. ? iSth Claiis( 
— I'^S. What general powers are conferred upon Congress in regard to 
mailing laws? 

Sec. IX. — Ist'Cluuse. — 184. What restriction was imposed upon Con- 
cress, in regard to the migration or importation of certain persons? 185. 
Who were meant by " such persons ?" Ans. By " such persons" were 
meant slaves. 186. What was the great object oi'the clause? Ans. The 
great object of the clause v/as to enable Congress to j)ut au end to th(» 
importation of slaves into the United States, after the year 1808. 187. In 
what way was Congress left to restrain the importation, without actually 
forbidding it? 188. When was the importation actually prohibited? Ans 
On the 1st of January, 1808, an act of Congress went into etiect, prohibit 
i!)g the importation of slaves. 2cZ Clause. — 189. What is said oi'the writ 
-li liaheas conns? 



20 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

3d Clause. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law sLall 
be passed. 

4th Clause. No capitation, or other direct tax shall be 
laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeration here- 
in before directed to be taken. 

5th Clause. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles ex- 
ported from any state. 

6 th Clause. No preference shall be given by any regula- 
tion of commerce or revenue to the ports of one state over 
those of another : nor shall vessels bound to, or from, one 
state, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. 

1th Clause. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, 
but in consequence of appropriations made by law ; and a 
regular statement and account of the receipts and expendi- 
tures of all public money shall be published from time to 
time. 

8/A Clause. No title of nobility shall be granted by the Unit- 
ed States : and no person holding any office of profit or trust 
under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress, ac 

190. What is a writ of habeas corpus? Ans. A writ of habeas corpus is 
a written command from a judge or other magistrate, directing that the 
body of a certain person shall be brought before him. lifl. What is the 
object of the writ i Ans. The object of a writ of habeas corpus is to pro- 
vide a means of redress for all manner of illegal imprisonment. 192. Ke- 
peat the clause in relation to the writ of habeas corpus. 193. In what 
cases may the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus be suspended? Qd 
Cluuse. — 194. What is said of bills of attainder or ex post facto laws? 195. 
What is a bill of attainder 1 Ans. A bill of attainder is an act of the legis- 
lature, iutlicting the punishment of death, without trial, upon persons sup- 
posed to be guilty of high crimes. 196. What is an ex post facto law I 
Ans. A law which renders an act punishable in a manner in which it was 
not punishable at the time of its commission, is an ex post facto law. Ath 
Clause. — 197. In what way may Congress lay a capitation or other direct 
tax? 198. What is meant by a capitation ? Ans. A capitation is a duect 
tax upon individuals. 199. How is the census to be taken ? (See page 10 ) 
btJi Clause. — 200. What prohibition is imposed upon Congress in relation to 
articles exported from any state ? Uh Clause. — 201. What preference is 
forbidden in relation to a regulation of commerce or revenue ? 202. What 
freedom have vessels that are bound from one state to another? ^itk 
Clause. — 203. Under what circumstances only can money be drawn from 
the national treasury? 204. V>^hat publication must be made in regard 
to receipts and expenditures of all public money ? %th Gkivse. — 205 
What is said in the Constitution about titles of nobility? 206. What ig 
said of office-holders accepting presents etc.? 207. Under what circum- 
jilances may an office-holder accept a present i 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UsHTED STATES. 21 

cept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind 
whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. 

SECTION X. 

1st Clause. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, 
or confederation ; grant letters of marqne and reprisal ; coin 
money; emit bills of credit; make any thing but gold and 
silver coin a tender in payment of debts ; pass any bill of 
attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation 
of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. 

2d Clause. No state shall, without the consent of the 
Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, 
except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its 
inspection laws : and the net produce of all duties and 'm- 
posts, laid by any state on imports or exports, shall be for 
the use of the treasury of the United States ; and all snrh 
laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the 
Congress. 

3d Clause. No state shall, without the consent of Con- 
gress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops, or ships of wai 

208. Repeat the clause relating to titles and presents. 

Skc. X. — 1st Clause. — 209. What prohibition is placed upon the several 
states as regards treaties, alliances, or confederations? 210. Wnat, as re- 
gards letters of marque and reprisal? 211. What, as regards the coin- 
fng of money? 212. What, as regards bills of credit? 213. Wh-^t is 
meant by bills of credit ? Ans. Bills of credit, within the meauiik^ of 
the Constitution, are bills intended to circulate as money among the peo- 
ple. 214. What is constituted a legal tender in payment of debt? 215 
What prohibition is placed upon individual states, in regard to a b-11 of 
attainder? 216. What, in regard to an ex post facto law? 217. Whr^-., in 
regard to a law impairing an obligation ? 218. What, in regard ^o a 
title of nobility? 219. Recite the clause just considered. 2d Clai e. — 
220. What prohibition are individual states under, as regards impof s or 
duties? 221 In what case only, may a state lay any imposts or du ies? 
222. What are inspection laws ? Ans. By inspection laws are meant aws 
requiring certain articles of commerce to be examined by ollicers c lied 
inspectors. 223. What is the object of inspection laws ? Ans. Th ; ob- 
ject is to protect the public against fraud or imposition on the part of the 
producer, and to cause improvement after improvement in the quality of 
articles produced, 224. What disposition must be made of the net prod- 
uce of all duties and imposts laid by individuals? 225. What are th© 
inspection laws of individual states, as regards imports or oxj)orts, sub- 
ject to? Zd Clavse.—'l'lCi. What prohibition are individuid states under, 
as to the laying of a duty of tonnage ! 



22 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

ill time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with 
nuotlier state, or witli a fbreijTn power, or engage in war, 
unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will 
not admit of delay. 

ARTICLE 11. 

THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT 

SECTION I. 

Is^ Clause. The executive power shall be vested in a 
president of the United States of America. He shall hold 
his office during the term of four years, and, together with 
the vice-president, chosen for the same term, be elected, as 
follows : 

2d Clause. Each state shall appoint, in such manner a?- 
the legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors, 

227. What is a duty of tonnage? Ans. A duty of tonnage, or a ton 
rage duty, is a tax laid on vessels at a certain rate per ton. 228. What 
prohibition are individual states under as to the keeping of troops? 2-2l\ 
What, as to the keeping of ships of war? 230. What, as to an agreement 
or compact with another state, or with a foreign power? 231. What, us 
to engaging in war? 232. Under what circumstances then may a state 
engage in war ? 

ARTICLE II. 

THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 

Skc. I. — \stClauRe, 238. Of what does Article II. of the Constitution treat? 
— 234. In whom is the executive power of the United States vested ? 2?.."). 
What is the president's term of office ? 236. How often ma_y a president 
he re-elected? Ans. The Constitution does not limit the number of ter jus 
for which a president may be re-elected. 237. Who was the first presi- 
dent of the United States? (See table, page 132.) 238. For how mnny 
terms did Washington serve? 239. Why was not Washington elected 
for a third term ? Ans. At the close of his second term of office, Wash- 
ington declined to be a candidate for a third term. 240. What has been 
the effect of his declination? Ans. Washington's example, in declining 
to be elected for a third term, has become a precedent W which subse- 
quent presidents have been guided. 241. How many and what presidentvs 
have served two terms each? (See table, page 182.) 242. Which has tlm 
longest term of office ; the president, a senator, or a representative ? 243. 
What term has each? 244. What is the vice-president's term of office? 
245. Who was the first vice-president of the United States? (See table, 
page 132.) 246. By whom are the president and vice-president chosen ? 
Ans. The president and vice-president are not chosen by the people di- 
rectly, but by electors. 2d Clause. — 247. In what manner does each state 
nppoint electors ? 



CONSTITUTION" OF THE UNITED STATE^3. 23 

eqnal to the whole nnrnber of senators and representatives 
to which the state raay be entitled in the Cono-ress: but no 
senator or representative, or person holding an office of trust 
or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an 
elector. 

[The electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot 
for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the 
same state with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons 
voted for, and of the number of votes for each ; which list they shall sign 
and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of government of the United 
States, directed to the president of the Senate. The president of the Sen- 
ate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, 
open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The per- 
son having the greatest number of votes shall be the president, if such 
number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if 
there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal num- 
ber of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately choose 
by ballot one of them for president ; and if no person have a majority, 
then from the five highest on the list, the said House shall in like man- 
ner choose the president. But in choosing the president, the votes shall 
be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote ; 
a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from 
two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary 
to a choice. In every case after the choice of the president, the person 
having the greatest number of votes of tlie electors, shall be the vice- 
president. But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, 
tne Senate shall choose from them by ballot the vice-president.] 

THE TWELFTH AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION. 

\st Clause. The electors shall meet in their respective 
states, and vote by ballot for president and vice-president, 
one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same 
state with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the 
person voted for as president, and in distinct ballots the 

24S. What number of electors is each state entitled to ? 249. Who are 
prohibited from being electors? 

THE TWELFTH AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION, 

250. What has been done with the original clause of the Constitution 
prescribing ihe proceedings to be taken to elect a president and vice-pres- 
ident ? Ans. The original clause of the Constitution, prescribing the mode 
in which the president and vice-president were to be elected, has been 
repealed, and its place supplied by the twelfth amendment to the Consti- 
tution. 251. Where do the electors for president and vice-president 
meet? 252. In what way do they vote? 25-3. What is proscribed re- 
specting one of the persons for whom they shall not vote? 254. How ia 
it required that their ballots shall be miide out"-' 



24 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

person voted for as vice-president, and they shall mako 
distinct lists of all persons voted for as president, and of all 
persons voted for as vice-president, and of the number of 
votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and 
transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United 
States, directed to the president of the Senate ; — the pres- 
ident of the Senate shall, in presence of the Senate and 
House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the 
votes shall then be counted ; — the person having the great- 
est number of votes for president, shall be the president, if 
such number be a majority of the whole number of electors 
appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from 
the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three 
on the list of those voted for as president, the House of 
Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the 
president. But in choosing the president, the votes shall 
be taken by states, the representation from each state 
having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of 
% member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a 
majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. 
And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a pres- 
ident whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, 
before the fourth day of March next following, then the vicc- 



255. After voting, what lists are they required to prepare ? 256. Whr.t 
provision must be complied with, before the lists can pass out of their 
hands 'i 257. After the lists are signed, certified, and sealed, to whom are 
they directed ? 258. To what place are they then transmitted ? 259. 
"What does the president of the Senate do with the certificates? 260. How 
is it determined who is elected president? 261. Now describe the man- 
ner in which the electors choose a president. 262. In the event of no 
choice being made by the electors, by whom is the president chosen? 
263. From how many and what candidates must the House of Represen- 
tatives choose the president? 264. In what way must the choice be 
made? 265. How are the votes taken in choosing the president? 266. 
How many votes is each state entitled to ? 267. How many is each enti- 
tled to, when voting by electors? 268. In choosing the president by the 
House of Representatives, how many constitute a quorum ? 269. la such 
case, how many states are necessary to a choice? 270. Whenever the 
right of choosing a president devolves upon the House of Representa- 
tives, till what time may the right be exercised? 271. Now describe the 
manner in which the House of Representatives choose a president? 272. 
In the event of both the electors and House of Representatives failipr to 
choose a president, what takes place ? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 25 

president shall act as president, as in the case of the death 
or other constitutional disability of the president. 

2d Clause. The person having the greatest number of 
votes as vice-president, shall be the vice-president, if such 
number be a majority of the whole number of electors ap- 
pointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the 
two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the 
vice-president ; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of 
two-thirds of the whole number of senators, and a majority 
of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. 

^d Clause. But no person constitutionally ineligible to 
the office of president shall be eligible to that of vice- 
president of the United States. 



3c? Clause. The Congress may determine the time of 
choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give 
their votes; which day shall be the same throughout the 
United States. 

4:th Clause. No person except a natural born citizen, or a 
citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of 
this constitution, shall be eligible to the office of president ; 
neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall 



273. How is it determined whom the electors have chosen for vice-pres- 
ident ? 274. In the event of no person having a majority of electoral votes, 
by whom is the vice president chosen ? 275. When choosing a vice-pres- 
ident, how many senators are requisite to a quorum? 27G. How many 
are necessary to a choice? 277. What is said of the eligibility to the of- 
fice of president, as compared with that of vice-president? 

od Clause. — 27S. What power has Congress over the time of choosing 
the electors ? 279. What as to the day on which the electors shall vote! 
280. In the event of Congress determining the day on which the electors 
shall give their votes, what sameness is prescribed? 281. When are the 
electors chosen? Ans. The electors are chosen in each state on the Tues- 
day next after the first Monday, in the last November of each presidential 
term. 282. Where do the electors meet to give their votes? Ans. The 
electors meet in their respective states at a place appointed by the leg- 
islature thereof. 283. What place is usu^ally appointed for their meeting ? 
Ans. The place usually appointed for their meeting is the capital of their 
state. 284. When do the electors meet to give their votes? Ans. Tho 
meeting of electors takes place on the first Wednesday in the lastDecen>- 
ber of each presidential term. Uh Clause. — 285. What person, as regards 
his place of biith, cannot be eligible to the oilice of president? 



26 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

not have attained to tlie age of thirty-five years, and heen 
fourteen years a resident within the United States. 

bth Clause. In case of the removal of the president from 
office, or of his death, resignation, or inabihty to discharge 
the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall de- 
volve on the vice-president, and the Congress may by law 
provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or in- 
ability, both of the president and vice-president, declaring 
what officer shall then act as president, and such officer shall 
act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a presi- 
dent shall be elected. 

Qth Clause. The president shall, at stated times, receive 
for his services a compensation, which shall neither be in- 
creased nor diminished during the period for which he shall 
have been elected, and he shall not receive within that pe- 
riod any other emolument from the United States, or any 
of them. 

^th Clause. Before he enter on the execution of his office, 
he shall take the following oath or affirmation: — 

" I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully 

286, How old must a person be to be eligible to tbat office ? 287. How 
many years must a person, to be eligible to tbat office, have resided with- 
in the "United States ? 288. Now state the legal qualifications of a pres- 
ident. 289. Kecite the clause relating to the qualifications, bth Clause. 
— 290. In what contingencies does the office of president devolve on the 
vice-president? 291. What provision is made by the Constitution for the 
case of removal or death, etc., of the president? 292. What, for the case 
of removal, etc., of both president and vice-president I 293. In the case 
of removal, etc., of both president and vice-president, what officer, shall, 
by law of Congress, act as president ? Ans. In case of the removal, death, 
resignation, or inability, of both the president and vice-president, the 
president of the Senate, pro tempore, shall act as president. 294. What 
is to be done, in case there is no president of the Senate ? Ans. In case 
there is no president of the Senate, the speaker of the House of Repre- 
sentatives shall act as president. 295. How long shall such officers, act- 
ing as president, continue to act? Uh Clause. — 296. What does the Con- 
stitution provide as regards the compensation to be allowed to the presi- 
dent? 297. What restriction is imposed, in regard to any other emolu- 
ment? 298. Eecite the clause relating to the president's compensation. 
299. What is the salary of the president ? Ans. The salary of the presi- 
dent, as fixed by act of Congress, is $25,000 a year, together with the use 
of the presidential mansion and its furniture. 300. Wliat is the salary of 
the vice-president? Ans. The vice-president's salary is $8,000 a 3 ear. 
'Uh Clause. — 301. What does the president do, jusi before entejipt^ou tiie 
oxecution of his offif^o 3 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 2*7 

execute the office of president of the United States, and 
will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend 
the Constitution of the United States." 

SECTION II. 

1st Clause. The president shall be commander-in-chief 
of the army and navy of the United States, and of the mili- 
tia of the several states, when called into the actual service 
of the United States ; he may require the opinion, in writing, 
of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, 
upon any subject relating- to the duties of their respective 
offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and par- 
dons for oftences against the United States, except in cases 
of impeachment. 

2d Clause. He shall have power, by and with the advice 
and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two- 
thirds of the senators present concur; and he shall nominate, 
and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall 

302. Repeat the oath or affirmation taken by the president. 

Skc. II. — 1st Clause. — 803. In what relation does the president stand 
toward the army and navy ? 304. When only can he command the mili- 
tia ? 305, Whose opinions may he require in writing ? 306. Upon what 
subjects may he require the opinions? 307. Is he boimd to be guided by 
such opinions ? A/is. It is not required of the president that he be guid- 
ed by the opinions of the members of his cabinet. 308. What executive 
departments have been established by Congress ? A71S. By various acts 
of Congress, six executive departments have been established, namely : 
(1) Department of State, (2) Department of the Navy, (3) Dtpartinent of 
War, (4) Department of the Treasury, (5) Post-office Depart aient, and (ft) 
Department of the Interior. 309. For what purpose weie they estab- 
lished i Arts. They were established for the purpose of aiding the presi- 
dent in the executive and administrative business of the government. 
310. How are the heads of the departments appointed ? Ans. The heads 
of the departments are appointed by the president, with the advice and 
consent of the Senate. 311. How is the attorney-general appointed? 
Ans. The attorney-general of the United States is appointed in like man- 
ner with the heads of the depaitmexits. 312. Of whom does the presi- 
dent's cabinet consist? Ans. The president's cabinet consists of the 
heads of the departments, and the attorney-general of the United states. 

313. What power has the president, in relation to reprieves and pardons? 

314. What it -j. reprieve? Am. A reprieve is a limited suspension or de- 
lay of the execution of a sentence in a criminal case. 315. With what 
exception is the president vested with the power to grant reprieves and 
pariions? 2d Ckuse.—Sl^. What power has the president relative ia 
treaties? 317. In v.hom is *.he appointing power vested? 



28 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, 
judges of the supreme court, and all other officers of the 
United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise 
provided for, and which shall be established by law : but the 
Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior 
officers, as they think proper, in the president alone, in the 
courts of law, or in the heads of departments. 

3^ Clause. The president shall have power to fill up all 
vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, 
by granting commissions, which shall expire at the end of 
their next session. 



SECTION III. 

He shall from time to time give to the Congress informa- 
tion of the state of the Union, and recommend to their 
consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and 
expedient ; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene 
both houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement 
between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he 
may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he 
shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers ; he 
shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and 
shall commission all the officers of the United States. 

318. "What is the first step in making an appointment? 319. What oflB- 
ces are enumerated, for which the president and Senate make appoint- 
ments? 320. What may Congress do in relation to the appointment of 
inferior officers? od Clause. — 321. What vacancies can the president fill ? 
322. When does such appointment expire ? 

Sec. III. — 323. What information is the president required to give to Con- 
gress? 324. What recommendations is he required to make? 325. In 
what way are the recommendations made? An^. The president's rec- 
ommendations to Congress are made by means of written messages. 326. 
Was the reading of written messages always the practice ? Arts. The 
first two presidents, Washington and Adams, used to meet both houses 
of Congress, and make their recommendations by verbal addre.sses. 327. 
Is Congress obliged to adopt the president's recommendations ? Ans. 
Congress is under no obligation to adopt the recommendations of the 
president. 328. When may the president convene both Qouses? 329. 
May he convene only one house ? 330. When V 331. \/hen may the 
president adjourn Congress? 332. What is the duty of the president 
respecting ambassadors, etc. ? 333. What is his duty respecting the 
execution of the laws' 334. What is his duty respecting the granting of 
jonimitjsions? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 29 

SECTION IV. 

The president, vice-president, and all civil officers of the 
United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment 
for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes 
and misdemeanors. 

ARTICLE HI. 

THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. 

SECTION I. 

The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in 
one supreme court, and in such inferior courts as the Con- 
gress may from time to time ordain and establish. Tlie 
judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold 
their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, 
receive for their services a compensation, which shall not be 
diminished during their continuance in office. 

SECTION II. 

1st Clause. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, 
in law and equity, arising under this constitution, the laws 
of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be 
made, under their authority; to all cases affecting ambassa- 
dors, other public ministers, and consuls ; to all cases of 

Sec. IV. — 335. For what crimes may government officers be removed 
from office ? 336. How may the removal be effected ? 

ARTICLE IIL 

THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMEXT. 

Sec. L— 337. Of what does Article HI of the Constitution treat? 338. 
In what is the judicial power of the United States vested ? 339. IIow 
long do the judges hold their offices ? 340. What is established as to the 
compensation of the judges ? 341. How can the judges be removed from 
office? (Seepage 13.) 342. How is the supreme court of the United 
States organized ? Ans. The supreme court of the United States is com- 
posed of one chief-justice, and eight associate justices, any five of whom 
constitute a quorum. 343. What is the salary of the chief-justice? Ans. 
The salary of the chief-justice is |G,500 a year. 344. What is the salary 
of each associate justice? Ans. The salary of each associate justice is 
$0,OuO a year. 

Sec. ll.— 1.?^ Gkiiise.—SAo. Name the first of the nine subjects in which 
the United States courts have jurisdiction. 346. Kame the second, con- 
Ot^rniug ambassadors, etc. 



30 CONSTITUTION" OF THE UNITED STATES. 

admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to co.itroversies to 
wliich tlie United States shall be a party; to controversies 
between two or more states ; between a state and citizens 
of another state; between citizens of different states; be- 
tween citizens of the same state claiming lands under grants 
of different states, and between a state, or the citizens there 
of, and foreign states, citizens or subjects. 

^d Clause. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other pub- 
lic ministers and consuls, and those in which a state shall 
be party, the supreme court shall have original jurisdiction, 
[n all the other cases before mentioned, the supreme court- 
shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, 
with such exceptions, and under such regulations as the 
Congress shall make. 

3(i Clause. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of im 
peachment, shall be by jury ; and such trial shall be held in 
the state where the said crimes shall have been committed ; 
but when not committed within any state, the trial shall be 
at such place or places as the Congress may by law have 
directed. 

SECTION III. 

\st Clause. Treason against the United States shall con 
sist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their 
enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be 

347. Name the third, concerning certain jurisdiction. 348. The fourth, 
concerning controversies with the United States. 349. The fifth, con- 
cerning controversies between states. S50. The sixth, concerning con- 
troversies between a state and citizens. 351. The seventh, concerning 
controversies between citizens. 352. The eighth, concerning controver- 
sies between citizens claiming lands. 353. What is the last of the niue 
subjects? 'Id Clause. — 354. In what cases has the supreme court original 
jurisdiction? 355. What is meant by original jurisdiction? Ans. 'YhQ 
original jurisdiction of a court is that in which a suit originates or com- 
mences. 356. What is meant by appellate jurisdiction ? Ans. The ap- 
pellate jurisdiction of a court is that in which the decision of an inferior 
court is taken on appeal, od Clause. — 357. Before whom must the "triaj 
of all crimes" be held? 358. What cases are exceptions to the law? 359. 
By whom are impeachments tried? (Seepage 12.) 360. Where must 
the trial of a crime committed within a state be held ? 361. Where, when 
cot committod within a state ? 362. Repeat the entire clause just consii- 
*'red. 

Sec. III.— l«i Clause. — 363. Of how many things does treason agains*: 
^he Uni'ed States consist? 3C4 What are the two thinscs? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITEE STATES. 3 1 

convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses 
to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. 

Id Clause. The Congress shall have power to declare the 
punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work 
corruption of blood, or forfeiture except during the life of 
the person attainted. 

ARTICLE IV. 

MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS. 

SECTION I. 

Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the 
public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other 
state. And the Congress may by general laws prescribe 
the manner in which such acts, records and proceedings shall 
be proved, and the effect thereof. 

SECTION II. 

1st Clause. The citizens of each state shall be entitled to 
all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states 

2d Clause. A person charged in any state with treason, 
felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be 
found in another state, shall on demand of the executive 
uutliority of the state from which he fled, be delivered up, 
to be removed to the state having jurisdiction of the crime. 

365. What is necessary to a conviction of treason? 2d Clause. — 366. 
What power has Congress relative to the punishment of treason? 867. 
What punishment has Congress accordingly declared ? Ans. Congress 
has declared that the punishment of treason shall be death by hanging. 
368. How does the Constitution limit the consequences of attainder? 369. 
What is meant by attainder? Ans. Attainder means a staining, corrup- 
tion, or rendering impure. 370. What is meant by corruption of blooQ? 
Ans. By " corruption of blood" a person is disabled to inherit i,inds from 
an ancestor ; nor can he either retain those in his possession, orv^ansmit 
them by descent to his heirs. 

ARTICLE lY. 
MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS. 
Sec. I.— 371. Of what does Article IV. treat? 372. How are the public 
acts, etc., of the several states, to be tr<}ated in each state? S73. How are 
they to be proved ? 

Sec. II. — \st Clause. — 374. What privileges and immunities are the cit- 
izens of each state entitled to ? 2d Clause.— Zib. What is said of persona 
charged with crime, fleeing into another state? 



32 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

3d Clause. No person held to service or labor in on© 
state, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, 
ill consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharg- 
ed ^ from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on 
claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. 

SECTION III. 

1st Clause. New states may be admitted by the Congress 
into this Union ; but no new state shall be formed or eject- 
ed within the jurisdiction of any other state ; nor any state 
be formed by the junction of two or more states, or parts of 
states, without the consent of the legislatures of the states 
concerned as well as of the Cono-ress. 

2c? Clause. The Congress shall have power to dispose 
of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the 
territory or other property belonging to the United States ; 
and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to 
prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particu- 
lar state. 

SECTION IV. 

The United States shall guarantee to every state in this 
Union a republican form of government, and shall protect 
each of them against invasion ; and on application of tlie 
legislature, or of the executive (when the legislature can- 
not be convened), against domestic violence. 



borl ^^'wtt' ^^^* ^' '^^^ of persons escaping from service or la- 
bor? 3/7. What persons are referred to in the third clause'? ^/w 
Tn 7tt ?'. n)^ P'"'"''"' "^ T,"°^ ^^ indentures of apprenticeship. * 
bEC. ^^-—lliOiause.-SiS. By whom may new states be admitted into 
the Union? 379. What is said of the formation of new states? 380 Ho v 
S na?e 10? .ff'^H '^' ^°^^k f *^' '^^^P*^^" ^^ '^' Constitution ? 
-382 What power has Congress respecting the territory or other prop- 
erty belonging to the United States ? 383. What construction as to claims 
ts not to be put upon any part of the Constitution ? 

fe.EC. IV.— 384. What guarantee ('-es the Constitution make to the sev- 
^ral Slates in respect to their form of government? 385. In what two 
events are the United States bound to protect individual states 



CONSTITUTION^ OF THE UNITED STATES. 33 

ARTICLE V. 

The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall 
deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Consti- 
tution, or, on the application of the legislatures of two-thirds 
of the several states, shall call a convention for proposin<t 
amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all in"^ 
tents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified 
by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several states, or 
by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the 
other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress; 
provided that no amendment which may be made prior to 
the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any 
manner atfect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth sec- 
tion of the first article ; and that no state, without its con- 
sent, shall be deprived of its equal sufl:rage in the Senate. 

ARTICLE VL 

Ist Clause. All debts contracted and engagements entered 
into, before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as 
valid against the United States under this Constitution, as 
under the confederation. 

2d Clause. This Constitution, and the laws of the United 
States which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all 
treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority 
of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land ; 

ARTICLE Y. 

MODE OF AMENDING THE CONSTITUTION. 

386. Of what does Article V. treat? 387. In what two ways may 
amendments to the Constitution be proposed ? 888. What two ways are 
provided for ratifying amendments? 389. What three restrictions upon 
the power ofmakmg amendments were originally imposed by the Consti- 
tution? 390. Why have two of the restrictions fost their force? 301. 
What do " the first and fourth clauses" referred to, declare? 392. What 
permanent restriction upon the power of making amendments still exists 
m full force ? 

ARTICLE YL 

ADDITIONAL MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS. 
1st Clanse.—SOS. What debts and engagements does the Constitution 
recognize? 2d Clause.— 8U. What =s dtv^laied to bf the supreme law of 
toe land ? 



34 CONSTITUTION OF THE tJISriTEI) STATES. 

and the judges in every state shall be bound tberely, any 
thing in the Constitution or laws of any state to the contiary 
notwithstanding. 

3d Clause. The senators and representatives before men- 
tioned, and the members of the several state legislatures, 
and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United 
States and of the several states, shall be bound by oath or 
affirmation, to support this Constitution ; but no religious 
test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or 
public trust under the United States. 

ARTICLE VII. 

The ratification of the conventions of nine states, shall be 
sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between 
the states so ratifying the same. 

395. By what are the judges in every state bound? Sd Clat/se.- 

896. Who, besides the judges, are bound to support the Constitution 'i 

897. In what way shall they be bound ? 398. What prohibition is made 
in regard to religious tests ? 

ARTICLE YIL 

S99. How many states were necessary to ratify the Constitution in or- 
der to its establishment ? 400. Where did the Convention meet which 
framed the Constitution? Ans. The convention which framed the Con- 
stitution met in Philadelphia. 401. In what year was it framed? 402. 
Who was the president of the convention ? 403. How many delegates 
signed the Constitution ? 404. Which of the thirteen states was not rep- 
resented in the convention ? 405. How many states ratified the Constitu- 
tion before it went into effect ? Ans. Eleven states ratified the Constitu- 
tion before it went into operation. 406, Which of the thirteen states did 
not ratify the Constitution until afterward ? Ans. North Carolina and 
Rhode Island failed to ratify the Constitution until after it had been rati- 
Ued by the other eleven states and had gone into operation « 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 35 



AMEI^DMENTS, 



PROPOSED BY CONGRESS, AND RATIFIED BY THE LEGISLATURES OF THE SEVERAL 
STiTES, PDESUANT TO THE FIFTH ARTICLE OF THE ORIGINAL CONSTITUTION. 



ARTICLE I. 

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment 
of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or 
abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the 
right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the 
government for a redress of grievances. 

ARTICLE IL 

A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security 
of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, 
shall not be infringed. 

ARTICLE III. 

No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any 
bouse, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, 
bat in a manner to be prescribed by law. 

ARTICLE IV. 

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, 
houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and 
seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, 

AMENDMENTS. 

407. How may the amendments to the Constitution be regarded? Ajti^. 
All the amendments to the Constitution with the exception of the 12th. 
oaay be regarded as a declaration, securing to the people and states cer- 
tain rights, beyond the possibility of being encroached upon by Congress. 
Lst Article. — 4:08. What declaration does the first anier Jment make, respect- 
ing religion? 409. What, respecting the freedom of speech? 410. What, 
respecting the freedom of the press? 411. What, respecting the right of 
petition? 2d Article.— 4:12. What is the declaration respecting the right 
of the people to keep and bear arms ? Sd Article. — 413. What is said of 
quartering soldiers? 4fh Article. — 414. What is said of searches and 
seizures? 



36 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

hut upon probable cause, supported by oath or afRrmation, 
and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the 
persons or things to be seized. 

ARTICLE Y. 

No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or other- 
wise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment 
of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval 
forces, or in the militia, when .n actual service in time of 
war or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject for 
the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; 
nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness 
against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, 
without due process of law; nor shall private property be 
taken for public use, without just compensation. 

ARTICLE VI. 

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the 
right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of 
the state and district wherein the crime shall have been com- 
mitted, which district shall have been previously ascertained 
by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the 
accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; 
to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his 
favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence. 

ARTICLE YII. 
In suits at common law, where the value in controversy 

415. What is said of the issuing of warrants? Uh Article. — 416. 
What is said of holding persons to answer for crimes ? 417. What is 
said of a second trial for the same otFence? 418. What is the meaning 
of the clause that no person shall " be twice put in jeopardy," etc. ? ^4.^5. 
It means that no person shall be a second time tried for tne same offence, 
of which he has been legally acquitted or convicted. 410. When shall 
not a person be compelled to witness against himself? 420. What guar- 
antee of protection tr> 'ife, liberty, and property is given? 421. When 
only can private property be taken for public use? Uh Article. — 422. 
What right shall a person accused of crime enjoy? 423. What right, 
as to the witnesses against him? 424. What right, as to the witnesses in 
his favor? 425. What right, as to the assistance of counsel ? 1th At ti- 
de. -i26. In tvhat suits shall the right of trial by jury be preserved^ 



CO^^STITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 37 

shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury s\iaJ' 
be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise 
re-examined in any court of the United States, than aceord 
ing to the rules of the common law. 

ARTICLE VIII. 

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines 
imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 

ARTICLE IX. 

The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights 
shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained 
by the people. 

ARTICLE X. 

The powers not delegated to the United States by the 
Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved 
to the states respectively, or to the people. 

ARTICLE XL 

The judicial power of the United States shall not be con- 
strued to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced oi 
prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of 
another state, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state. 

427. la what way only shall the re-examination of facts tried by a jury 
be made ? 8th ArticU. — 428. What is said of bail, fines, and punishments I 
Uh Article. — 429. What is said of rights retained by the people ? lOth 
Article. — 4S0. What is said of the powers reserved to 'the states? 11th Ar» 
ticLe. — 4yi. What is said of the restriction upon the judicial power? 



38 OONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

ARTICLE XIII * 

Section I. — Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, 
except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall 
have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United 
States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. 

Sec. IL — Congress shall have power to enforce this 
article by appropriate legislation. 

* For the twelfth amendment, see page 23, 

13^^ Article. — Section I. — 432. "What is said of slavery and invol- 
HPtsry servitude ? Sec. II. — What power has Congress with refar- 
ence to this subject ? 










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